Mexico in South Phoenix :: Arizona Mexican Culture Essays Papers

Mexico in South Phoenix Its like going to Mexico without ever leaving Phoenix. This was a quote by Mr. Virgil, the Manager of the Ranch Market. A hobble of the Ranch Market showed his statement to be true, hence the title of this paper. The following will discuss the Ranch Market and Mexico in South Phoenix. To begin, the tour was absolutely intriguing. The class was introduced to Mr. Virgil. Then we proceeded to get a really in-depth insight into what was up with the Ranch Market. While the Ranch Market is really just other store to purchase canned nutrient, fruit, personal hygiene products, and even a meat department, the real attraction is the food service department. The class and I acquire about the revenue intake of the entire Ranch Market and as things go, the food service department accounted for over 40% of the income. I thought the food was awesome, as did the several hundred patrons. The food service department consists of several components. The most prosperous of the components is the Mexican food deli, followed only shortly by the bakery. The Mexican food that is prep atomic number 18d right in front of you consists of tacos, burritos, tostadas, quesadillas, nachos, and about any other type of Mexican food one could think of. The bakery is awesome. The prices are very sympathetic to the frugal, but the availability of all types of bread (donuts, to loafs, to cakes and pies) is appealing to basically everyone. However, the whole Ranch Market seemed to be focused on appealing to the Mexican culture. This type of environment reminded me of a reading that was assigned it was titled American Apartheid, Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. This reading addressed the segregated society. A hardly a(prenominal) sentences really interested me, such as extreme racial segregation did not just happen it was manufactured by whites through a serial publication of self-conscious actions and purposeful institutional a rrangements that continue today. This reminded me of how South Phoenix has been shunned by the Valley of the Sun and a haven for illegal immigrants who do not tattle English. Another reference from American Apartheid is Although poor black neighborhoods still contain many people who lead conventional, productive lives, their example has been overshadowed in recent years by a growing concentration of poor, welfare-dependent families that is an inevitable result of residential segregation.

Limitations of the current system :: Computer Science

Limitations of the current systemThe current system is slow in terms of processing tasks. When a lot ofcustomers argon present it is very time consuming to look for individualproducts because of the large stock room. This bases fewer gross revenuetransactions are completed so overall there is less lettuce being made.The customer filing cabinet is taking up a lot id space which digest beused for a lot of other things which is un-efficient. Also when acustomer comes searching for the customer expand is very timeconsuming and sometimes the details are overlooked so hot ones aremade causing reputation.If a staff report is created to see who has sold most products can bedone by the current system, but it can be very time consuming to gothrough every invoice. This means that these types of reports are notdone despite the ability to do them no one does. The advantage ofdoing such a report would be to see who doesnt sell as much so moremotivation can be given.The current system also lim its the functions you can do because whenstock runs out it is hard to find oneself out until sales rep comes lookingfor the product. This means that they have automatically just lost outon a sale. These are the limitations which with my system shouldntoccur.New systemThe new system get out enable the users to process tasks quicker and withgreater easy. Meaning the new system will have a whole new stockcontrol database. This will definitely improve the time taken tosearch for a specific product which will mean more customers areattended too. With the aid of security different levels of system usescan be introduced which would mean company information like employeedetails can be stored on the database. This will also be a goodfeature because it will mean when a sales transaction is made it willbe recorded so if errors arise in human error with sales transactionsthe system can check to see who carried out the sales transaction.Using the new system more better results and charts can b e produced togive a better prospectus of the company finance and how much profit isbeing made. Also this can lead to queries being performed to see whichitems sell the most so a larger variety can be introduced or the itemsthat dont sell that well can be re checked to see why people are notbuying them.With the new system it will be easier to do sales transactions becausethe sales rep doesnt have to worry about saving the transaction,

Escape Mechanisms in The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Glass Menagerie essa

Escape Mechanisms in The scrap Menagerie In Tennessee Williams play, The Glass Menagerie, all four members of the Wingfield family have chosen to hide from reality. Amanda tries to relive her past by means of Laura, and denies anything she does not want to accept. Laura is terrified of the real world, and choses to hide behind her limp, her scum menagerie and the victrola. Tom hides from his reality by going to the movies, writing poetry, and getting drunk. Mr Wingfield hides from his reality by leaving his family and not contacting them after he has done so. each(prenominal) member of the Wingfield family has their own escape mechanism which they use to hide or escape from the real world. Amanda has chosen to hide from reality by trying to relive her past. She is living in the unreality of her youthful memories and sees herself as still being as young as Laura when she says to her, No, sister, no, sister you be the lady this time and Ill be the darkey (p 237). She remin isces about one Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain (p 237) when she received seventeen gentleman callers, and then tries to relive this through Laura. She arranges for Tom to bring home some nice young man... ...1987. 85-94. Levy, Eric P. Through Soundproof Glass The Prison of Self Consciousness in The Glass Menagerie. ultramodern Drama, 36. December 1993. 529-537. Rasky, Harry. Tennessee Williams A Portrait in Laughter and Lamentation. New York Dodd, Mead & Co., 1986. Thompson, Judith J. Tennessee Williams Plays Memory, Myth, and Symbol. New York Peter Lang, 1989. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. In Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing, 4th ed. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and enthalpy E. Jacobs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall, 1995. 1519-1568.

The Importance of Dinosaur Discoveries Essay example -- Anthropology E

The Importance of Dinosaur DiscoveriesWhen a paleontologist makes a discovery round Dinosaurs it is usually a celebrated event and will appear on all sorts of covers of magazines and even innovativespapers, with good reason. These discoveries are often quite exciting for a few reasons. The whole experience of finding a fossil that is hundreds of millions of years old is quite an adrenaline rush, but the fact that each discovery has the expertness to answer questions in relation to evolution is quite amazing. Each finding of Dinosaur remains can help answer questions of how that certain species evolved from another. If our species can fully assure how Dinosaurs evolved, maybe in the future we can assure something about our evolution. Without discoveries from the past how is our society supposed to persevere and learn from mistakes that may lead to our own extinction, and who to learn better from than perhaps the dinosaurs that have g mavin through many stages of evolution and hav e faced extinction.The finding that will be discussed is the discovery of a new type of long- necked Sauropod Dinosaur named Rapetosauras, in the country of Madagascar (National Science Foundation). It was found by two groups of scientists. One group was headed up by Dr. Catherine Forster of SUNY Stony raise and the other was led by Dr. Curry Rogers of the Science Museum of Minnesota (National Science Foundation). The paleontologists in total found a skeleton that possessed a case-hardened of 80 to 90 vertebrate from the neck all the way down to the tail (National Geographic). The two teams also discovered two nearly complete skulls, one from a young Rapetosauras and another from an adult (National Geographic). The Rapetosauras is a type of Dinosaur called a Titano... ...4 (Primary Source)Hartman, Joseph, Krause, David, and Rogers Raymond. Stratigraphic Analysis of Upper Cretaceous Rocks in the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagascsar Implications for Ancient and Modern Faunas. The daybook of Geology vol. 108(2000) 275.Parsell, D.L. Skeleton of New Dinosaur Titan found in Madagascar on National Geographic.com. 1 August 2001. National Geographic News. 4 April 2004Brachiosaurus Enchanted Learning.com. 2004. 4 April 5 2004New Long-necked Dinosaur Discovered in Madagascar. Office of Legislative and Public Affairs. 1 August 2001. National Science Foundation. 5 April 2004

Interior Design as a Career Essay -- Jobs Careers

Imagine designing a dream home with all the color and space conceivable. This illustrates the campaign of an interior power. A schemer, intriguer, or plotter, could prosper in a career of design (dictionary.com, designer). A career in interior design allows innate abilities of creative thinking and organization to be practiced in satisfying a clients desire for style and flare in their home or workplace.The work of an interior designer requires a natural skill to work with people and to decipher what a client desires. The designers job is to evaluate, plan, and design the interior areas of residential, commercial, and industrial places. (Careers in Focus Design.) A few simple jobs consist of helping clients to select fixtures and furniture, supervising the coordination of colors and materials, obtaining estimates and costs within the client?s budget, and overseeing the execution and installation of the project. Some rattling important details designers must be aware of are the architectural requirements, space planning, and the function or purpose of the environment.In the past, there have been some famous artists, but few of them contributed their artistic skills to the design of the home. Michelangelo was a famous interior designer who created the most magnificent places for the richest of people. He made quantum use of his well-favoured sculptures and paintings to create a rich ambiance. This is how interior design first began as a career. Years later, furniture, draperies, and wall coverings were included. Elsie de Wolfe was the first to practice interior design in the 1950s. Adam and Louis Comfort Tiffany, two American brothers, began a company to create beautiful furnishings and art, especially stained glass.The ... ...s estimated to be at $39,180 annually. The highest paid ten percentage of interior designers, experts, in 2002 had wages of $69,640, while the lowest paid ten percent, beginners, were paid $21,240 (U.S. Department of La bor). Those who are genuinely committed to a fulltime career in designing know that urban areas and big cities pay better and provide more career options. In small town areas there is less submit for the input of an interior designer. Self-employed designers work for clients at a set, hourly fee, but majority of designers work in a firm for either a straight salary or an hourly fee to clients. In interior design, because there is so much flex given to each designer in a firm, there really are no requirements of benefits, insurance, or retirement plans. The established benefits are completely up to the individual employer. (Careers in Focus Design)

Female Political Candidacy :: Politics Political Science

womanish Political CandidacyAbstractFactors which twist young-bearing(prenominal) political candidacy were investigated. The results indicated significant sexual urge differences on the following hypotheses H1 Female and male political leaders will differ in their uses of interpersonal military unit H2 Female and male political leaders will identify divers(prenominal) motivations in seeking public office and, H3 Female and male political leaders will differ in their perception of barriers to participation as political candidates. The secondary perspective of race was also considered but was not found to be a significant barrier to female candidacy. This significantly predictive model has regional and international implications, and future studies will tested it comparatively by tell apart and region to affirm its generalizability.Female Political Candidacy A Racial and Gender PerspectiveThis study examines the use of interpersonal power by females in elected political posi tions, the factors that influence women to run for elected office, and the barriers that hinder female candidacy. Drawing from three areas of gender difference - women and development (IWPR, 2000), institutionalization of power relationships (Parsons, 1969), and socialization of gender roles (Bennett and Bennett, 1999 Lindsey, 1997) - the research focuses on women in elected political leadership positions using a comparison of women and men matched by elected positions in the State of Mississippi, USA. The hypotheses were H1 Female and male political leaders will differ in their uses of interpersonal power H2 Female and male political leaders will identify different motivations in seeking public office and, H3 Female and male political leaders will differ in their perception of barriers to participation as political candidates. The secondary perspective of race is evaluated using statistical methods on a non-matched comparison of African Americans and Caucasians who responded t o the gender study. Economic arguments and incentives for policy supporting broad-based political office are numerous. There is widespread acceptance that peoples who have little political voice are overlooked in the distribution of public goods and have less(prenominal) access to education and health. Kenworthy and Malami (1999) note that representative critical mass necessary for females as a social group to exert a substantial influence on politics is considered to be 30% of a legislative body, while Harvard sociologist Rosabeth Moss Kantor puts representation at closer to 50% to make a difference in the culture of an institution (Ivins, 2001). The United States Agency for International Development notes that while almost all peoples around the world, specifically women, have a legal decently to vote, actual female participation is inhibited by cultural, social, economic, legal and educational constraints (USAID Fact Sheet, 1997).

The Book of Enoch :: essays research papers

The Book of Enoch We first learn of Enoch in Genesis 5 exactly it leaves us with questions. Hebrews 11 has the answers and Jude quotes Enoch How did Jude come to know the words of Enoch? They are not in the Bible. The answer of course, is The Book of Enoch. A have which is actually quoted not only by Jude, but also James the natural brother of Jesus. The quote in (Jude 14-15) & (1 Enoch 19) is as follows "In the seventh (generation) from Adam Enoch also prophesied these things, saying Behold, the lord came with his holy myriads, to execute judgment on all, and to convict all the over-the-top of all their ungodly deeds which they have committed in such an ungodly way, and of all the harsh things which ungodly sinners spoke against him." What is the Book of Enoch and where did it come from? Enoch was the grandfather of Noah. The Book of Enoch chapter 681 "And after(prenominal) that my grandfather Enoch gave me all the secrets in the book and in the parables which ha d been given to him, and he put them together for me in the words of the book of the parables." This makes it possible for the Book to have survived the flood as its not overly hard to accept that Noah would have taken his Great Grandfathers writings with him onto the ark. The Book of Enoch was extant centuries before the birth of Christ and yet is considered by many to be more Christian in its theology than Jewish. It was considered scripture by many previous(predicate) Christians. The earliest literature of the so-called "Church Fathers" is filled with references to this mysterious book. The early second century "Epistle of Barnabus" makes much practise of the Book of Enoch. Second and Third Century "Church Fathers" like Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Origin and Clement of Alexandria all make use of the Book of Enoch. Tertullian (160-230 C.E) even called the Book of Enoch "Holy Scripture". The Ethiopic Church even added the Book of Enoch to its off icial canon. It was widely known and read the first three centuries after Christ. This and many other books became discredited after the Council of Laodicea. And being under ban of the authorities, afterwards it gradually passed out of circulation. At about the time of the Protestant Reformation, at that place came to be a renewed interest in the Book of Enoch which had long since been lost to the modern world.

The Politics of Representation: Social Work Lessons From the Advocacy

The Politics of Representation Social Work Lessons From the Advocacy provision Movement In urban plannings new political awareness, representation became a social responsibility issue. This new understanding of politics and social responsibility in urban planning may have brought boundary interaction amongst planners and other professions, such as social take IntroductionIn his 1995 article, Andrew Abbott explores his evolving conception of the social work profession. As we approach the new millennium, Abbotts conception becomes strikingly relevant. In brief review, Abbotts first notion posits that social work is a profession of interstitiality. In this context, social workers sympathize and mediate between collogues in highly technical professions and their own social work clients. Abbott refers to this relationship as a social work of boundaries (Abbott, 1995). As the boundaries between other professions smorgasbord, the social work interstitiality changes as well - coined by Abbott the boundaries of social work. Abbott writes the function of social work, like those of other professions, emerged from a continuous conflict and change (Abbott, 1995, p. 552). As examples, Abbott related aspects of conflicts in which social work gained or lost sub-fields to neighboring professions. Abbotts third conception admits that both of his previous notions fail to address the tune of the modern social work profession. In his subsequent exploration of social work origins, Abbott suggests that other professions solidified before social work did, creating the boundaries from which social work emerged (Abbott, 1995). Abbotts three conceptions share the theme that social work does not stand alone as a professi... ...e and the Urban Crisis. New York Pantheon Books.Piven, F. F. & Cloward, R. A. (1971). Regulating the Poor Functions of public Welfare. New York Pantheon Books.Piven, F. F., Cloward, R. A. (1988). Why Americans Dont Vote. New York Pantheon Books.Planners Network. (1999). What is planners network? Planners Network Online. http//www.plannersnetwork.org/.Planning 58 (3). (March 1992). APA News, 36-38.Reiner, J. S., Reimer, E., & Reiner, T. A. (1963). Client analysis and the planning of public programs. Journal of the American be of Planning 29 (4), 270-282.Wachs, M., ed. (1985). Ethics in Planning. New Brunswick, NJ Center for Urban Policy. Webber, M. M. (1973). Comprehensive planning and social responsibility Toward an AIP consensus on the professions roles and purposes. Journal of the American Institute of Planning, 232-241.

Penelope and Alcestis as Ideal Greek Females Essay -- Homers Odyssey

Penelope of the Odyssey and Alcestis of Alcestis as Ideal Greek Females Although there is some disagreement concerning the Greeks definition of the rarified female person, there is little disagreement that two women represented this Greek ideal. The character of Penelope of Homers Odyssey 1 and Alcestis of Euripides Alcestis 2, came to represent the same ideal of female excellence. The Greeks referred to this ideal female as a sophron woman. The qualities possessed by a sophron woman are tangible she is a good housekeeper, a nurturer of her husband, a child-bearer. She is chaste, graceful and does not the like to talk about sex with other women. According to Helen F. North in an article regarding the etymology of sophrosyne, the word originated in the Homeric epics as saophrosyne, which implies soundness of mind and is utilise only in relation to men.4 The word implies both self-knowledge and a sense of propriety, putting adept in mind of the inscription at Delphi. It is nota ble that in relation to men, sophrosyne does not carry specific behavioral connotations, as it does when it comes to be applied to women. Penelopes story, set in the time immediately proceeding the Trojan War, is one of strategic waiting. The Odyssey begins with stasis simultaneously, Odysseus departure from Ogygia and Telemachos coming of age set the events of the epic in motion. As a woman, Penelope has no momentum of her own, but must check on that of her kyrios. This is not to imply that Penelope is by definition powerless, but it is worth noting that the sphere of her effectiveness is actively determined by the wishes of the men trustworthy for her. In fact, Penelope faces a drastically reduced role whether Odysseus returns or... ...ophrosyne as the Virtue of Women in Antiquity. From Marcovich, Miroslave, ed. Illinois Classical Studies II (1977) 36. 4 Ibid 37. 5 Ibid 36. Works Consulted Diana Buitron-Oliver and Beth Cohen, betwixt Skylla and Penelope Female Characters o f the Odyssey in Archaic and Classical Greek Art, pp. 29-58. Female Representations and Interpreting the Odyssey, by Seth Schein, pp. 17-27. Richard Brilliant, Kirkes Men Swine and Sweethearts, pp. 165-73. Helene Foley, Penelope as Moral Agent, in Beth Cohen, ed., The Distaff Side (Oxford 1995), pp. 93-115. The Odyssey, History, and Women, by A. J. Graham, pp. 3-16, and Jennifer Neils, Les Femmes Fatales Skylla and the Sirens in Greek Art, pp. 175-84. Lillian Doherty, Siren Songs Gender, Audiences, and Narrators in the Odyssey (Ann Arbor 1995), esp. chapter 1.

Media :: essays research papers

As we look at our society and culture as a whole, we see that violence does exist invast amounts. The problem of violence is compounded by the constant saturation that media coverage a good deal provides. The media creates an almost insubstantial world for young mountain who do not have a single family member or extended family member to provide any humiliated measure of love and kindness towards them. Naisbitt suggests that the boys involved in the Columbine shootings were absorbed in an environment full of violence. By means of television, movies, video games and other sources of electronic entertainment these boys became engrossed by aggression and violent behavior (81). While Naisbitt says that it is the violence that drove these boys to commit such a heinous crime, he never proposes that it could have been the lack of family that led these young boys to violence. Often we do not see that people are driven towards violence of the media because of family neglect.Overall, we need to create an environment in which parent and child can easily live and play together, so we can draw their attention away from this enticing entertainment. If we find that it is often the latch-key children whose parents work that more quickly turn to violence, then can we create programs to keep these children otherwise occupied? Violence serves as a diversion and a source of entertainment for children, but if we are able to create an enriching setting for our youth, one(a) which places family on a high level we can often turn away many of the violent acts which do take place.When we live in a world where we can ascertain loved and supported, we do not take wrong turns as often. It is not necessarily a family that one needs to maintain a violence free existence, but the inclusion of loving and caring people in ones life. Perhaps more thinking somewhat how to build family out of doors the traditional definition of the perfect family is necessary in ones own quest against violence. When I think about my own transition from living in a small town just outside of Boston, a relatively safe large city to the completely new city of New Orleans, I recognize a basic truth about family. As I find myself in an entirely different part of the country engrossed in an entirely different culture, I often feel unsafe and alone in this city, new to me which I call my home .

Solar System Essay -- Science Astrology Planets Essays

Solar SystemHumans live on a small planet in a tiny part of a vast universe. This part of the universe is called the solar constitution, and is dominated by a single brilliant star-the fair weather. The solar system is the earths neighbourhood and the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto ar the Earths neighbours. They all have the same stars in the sky and field of force the same sun. Scientists mean the solar system began about 5 billion years ago, perhaps when a nearby star exploded and caused a large cloud of spatter and gas to collapse in on itself. The hot, central part of the cloud became the sun, while some smaller pieces formed around it and became the planets. Other fragments became asteroids and comets, which also airfield the sun. The early solar system was a turbulent mix of hot gas and rocky debris.In the solar system everything is affected by the suns gravity. The planets and a variety of other objects, including comets, move t he way they do because of the suns gravitational attraction. Our planet, Earth, is the third out from the sun. The planets ar all different. Their differences are largely the result of their different distances from the sun.We call the planets that are closer to the sun, including the Earth, the inner planets. They are small rocky worlds. The outer planets are much larger and are made from much lighter materials. All but two planets, Mercury and Venus, have moons in orbit around them.The lunar monthThe explorers found a defunct world. There is no air and no water. Without an atmosphere, the sky is black at midday and the temperatures swing by hundreds of degrees from day to night. No rivers or oceans have gnaw at the surface no volcanoes are rebuilding the boring landscape.The surface has survived unchanged for billions of years. Smooth plains and lava flows that froze on the Moon long before life arose on the Earth. Elsewhere, the Moon still bears the scars of every rock that has hit it from space, both large and small. The footprints of the visiting astronauts will survive for millions of years.Crash and splashAstronomers now believe the Moon is the stiff of a giant cosmic traffic accident. In its very early days, the Earth was hit by a runaway planet the size of Mars. lily-white molten rock were splashed into space, and solidified into a ring of rocks around the Earth. These th... ...ut beyond Neptune. Then the surprises began to appear.First, Pluto follows a very elongated path or else than a neat circle around the sunlight. Its orbit crosses over Neptunes more circular route, so that sometimes Pluto is actually closer to the Sun than Neptune is. Its orbit it also tilted up more than both other planet. Double planetWith better telescopes, astronomers found that Pluto is far smaller than any other planet-only half the size of Mercury is. And its not alone. In 1978, a moon was discovered orbiting very close to Pluto itself only a powerful telescop e can show them apart. This moon, Charon, is half Plutos own size, so that the two look more like a doubling planet and its moon.Charon lies so close to Pluto that it looms large in the sky. Pluto and Charon always turn the same face to each other as they orbit from one side of Pluto Charon is always visible, while an imaginary inhabitant on the other side would never see Charon at all.In the 1990s, astronomers started determination many smaller worlds orbiting the Sun in this region, rather like the asteroid belt further in. Because they are made mainly of frozen water and gases, they are called ice dwarfs.

Personal Growth Experience :: essays research papers

Personal Growth ExperienceAs a mother I have cared and tried to push my son&8217s education so that he can succeed in his life. I came from a large family in Brazil. I wasn&8217t the only child I learned to share, how provide for myself, and for my 3 sisters, and 3 brothers. My father was a serious man he had a job, and still came home to provide for all of us. During dinnertime he insisted that everyone had to be home and had to sit down at the table and talk about their day. This was a must in my family too. The reason why he had that rule was because he was a religious man, and meals should be shared with the family as well as conversations. No one had any choice of non sitting at the table, unless we didn&8217t call for to eat. When I had a child, I waited for the right time to have one. I didn&8217t want to rush into motherhood responsibility until I had everything in order to support my child. My husband had to find a job, and so did I. We had a house, a car, and jobs to sup port my child we were ready. When my child was born, I chose to go to the United States of America, so that my child can have a better life. In Brazil, the education is not challenging, and not recognized in other parts of the world as a higher education. For him to have a better education, a better ensample of living, and for him to have what we never had, we had to give up our lives in Brazil. As the years went by I was always there for my son. Through my eyes as he grows older, he is still the little boy that I held in my arms for the first time. In his teenage years I have seen him grow pull ahead away from me. Every day when he gets home he goes to his room without talking to me, or saying anything about his day. I guess that is what all kids go through in these years, because of the stage of exploration of new things in life. Like driving, video games, girls, and puberty. I still love my son, and even if he doesn&8217t want to talk to me then I guess he has everything in ord er in his life.

Immunitarian Democracy :: Democracy Politics Community

Immunitarian Democracy1. Does community refer to democracy? If not, could it or is it too deeply embedded in the conceptual lexicon of the Romantic, authoritarian and racist Right? This is the question, one already asked by Ameri clear neo-communitarianism, that is emerging again in Europe at the precise moment when, some, especially in France and in Italy, be risking thinking community anew. At issue is not only a legitimate question, but in some ways even an requisite one, in which democractic culture deeply examines its own theoretical precepts and future. This doesnt change the fact though that its the wrong question or that its poorly put. Wrong or badly put because it takes as its term of comparison -- in order to be related to the category of community - a concept, that of democracy that is utterly incapable of pinch it, not only because its modern kernel at least, arrives much later, but also because it is flatter and increasingly overwhelmed in a dimension that is enti rely governmental and institutional. With respect to this lack of depth and substance of the politicological notion of democracy, community has a very different semantic width, both on the vertical level of news report and on the synchronic one of meaning. This isnt the place to attempt a complete reconstruction, though my recent research beginning with the etymological origins of the term communitas and even more before that of munus in Latin does confirm the historical and semantic richness of the concept (R. Esposito, 1998). What we can infer from the above discussion, however, is that the correct question isnt whether the community can become a part of the democratic lexicon, but whether even democracy can be a part or at a stripped acquire some of its meaning in the lexicon of community. Without wanting to show my hand too quickly, a first step is required, which focuses more on the second term. hither we arent helped at all by the conceptual dichotomies with which 20t h century philosophy has tried to define community, one that lost along the way the original meaning of community. Im not talking only of the one constructed by the so-called American communitarians with respect to their presumed adversaries, the liberals, who constitute rather their exact interface in the specific adept that they unconsciously share the same subjectivist as well as exclusively partisan lexicon, applied not to the community but to the individual (where communities like individuals are distinguished between them, one from the other).

Effect of Colors Essay -- Health, Bright Colors, Emotions

Do Colors Have an Effect on Ones Current Mood?Colors are a part of ones everyday life and are introduced into ones life starting at birth. For example, when a mess up is born, the baby is showered with gifts and the color of the gifts is determined by his or her gender (e.g., blue for boys and pink for girls). Children often are dressed in colors associated with their gender. Furthermore, as individuals age and as their vocabulary increases, they tend to learn about associations between moods and colors and sometimes make those associations for themselves. For example, Im red with rage or Ive got the blue are common phrases used when describing feelings. Most research about the psychology of colors involves preference or association between colors and moods, and thus, the present field of battle seeks to examine whether manipulating the colors of questionnaires will influence ones self-reported mood. MoodAn individuals mood can be described as line drawing an individuals emotiona l state which is divided into two broad dimensions despotic and negative affect. Positive affect is characterized as the extent to which one experiences delightful engagement with the environment (Clark, Watson, & Leeka, 1989). On the other hand, negative affect is characterized as subjective distress and negative emotional states (Clark et al., 1989). Moreover, one who is high in positive affect is low in negative affect, and vice versa. Descriptors of positive affect include active, alert, attentive, enthusiastic, interested, joyful, etc. Negative affect descriptors include afraid, nervous, hostile, guilty, sad, etc. Preferences of Color and stirred State Meerum Terwogt and Hoeksma (1995) examined whether individuals separate preferenc... ...hat individuals who had colorful work environments rated their emotional status as higher throughout the year. However, most of the work environments were neutral or subdued, and thus, the authors suggest that a moderate increase of colo r in work environments will be beneficial for employees moods. Weller and Livingston (1988) examined whether the colored paper of the questionnaires affected the participants responses to three vignettes describing a murder or rape. The colors used for the questionnaires were pink, blue, and white, and the participants were randomly assigned the colored questionnaires. The authors found that the pink questionnaires had less emotional responses than did the blue questionnaires thus, suggesting that pink is a calmer color than blue which is at odds(p) to previously mentioned studies associating blue to relaxation and calmness.

Do You Think? Essay -- Creative Writing Thinking Philosophy Essays

Do You Think?Do you think? When was the last time you really sat down and feeling about something? Was it a few minutes ago or a few months ago? Our society is so reliant on someone else mentation for them that we fix become a co-dependent culture. Did you watch the news today? Was some guy on a killing spree? A serial killer. Did you ever wonder if they felt any mercy for the person as they killed them, each one of them? Or maybe they were merciless and they felt nothing. Or maybe, just maybe, they be a figment of your imagination.Did you wake up this morning or are you still dreaming? Or are you possibly in a computing machine generated and controlled world that will keep you there until you wake up, like in the movie the Matrix? Are sight fond of you or do people hate you? Maybe as you were walking past that person this morning and you said hi and they smiled and waved back, they were just doing it to make you go away. Or maybe they have a crush on you. Maybe, in the middle of that movie you were watching in English class, there was a subliminal message that said food and so you thought you were hungry. Is there really an afterlife or do you just die and cease to exist? A Heaven? A sinning? ANd ghosts. Are they there? Are they what give you the shivers when youre waking up in the middle of the night, wondering if someone is lurking around the corner? ALiens? Do they exist or are they just some media generated piece of Americas collection of dreams? If they ...

Immunitarian Democracy :: Democracy Politics Community

Immunitarian Democracy1. Does community refer to democracy? If non, could it or is it too deeply embedded in the conceptual lexicon of the Romantic, authoritarian and racist mighty? This is the question, one already asked by American neo-communitarianism, that is emerging again in Europe at the precise moment when, some, especially in France and in Italy, ar risking thinking community anew. At issue is not only a legitimate question, but in some ways even an inevitable one, in which democractic culture deeply examines its own theoretical precepts and future. This doesnt change the fact though that its the wrong question or that its badly coiffe. Wrong or badly put because it takes as its term of comparison -- in order to be related to the category of community - a concept, that of democracy that is utterly incapable of understanding it, not only because its modern meaning at least, arrives much later, but also because it is flatter and increasingly overwhelmed in a dimension that is entirely political and institutional. With assess to this lack of depth and substance of the politicological notion of democracy, community has a very different semantic width, both on the vertical level of history and on the synchronic one of meaning. This isnt the place to attempt a complete reconstruction, though my recent research beginning with the etymological origins of the term communitas and even more out front that of munus in Latin does confirm the historical and semantic richness of the concept (R. Esposito, 1998). What we can infer from the above discussion, however, is that the correct question isnt whether the community can compose a part of the democratic lexicon, but whether even democracy can be a part or at a minimum obtain some of its meaning in the lexicon of community. Without wanting to show my hand too quickly, a first step is required, which focuses more on the second term. Here we arent helped at all by the conceptual dichotomies with which 20t h century philosophy has tried to define community, one that lost along the way the original meaning of community. Im not talking only of the one constructed by the so-called American communitarians with respect to their presumed adversaries, the liberals, who constitute rather their exact interface in the specific sense that they unconsciously share the same subjectivist as well as exclusively partisan lexicon, applied not to the community but to the individual (where communities like individuals are exalted between them, one from the other).

Effect of Colors Essay -- Health, Bright Colors, Emotions

Do Colors Have an Effect on Ones Current Mood?Colors atomic number 18 a part of ones everyday life and are introduced into ones life starting at birth. For example, when a baby is born, the baby is showered with gifts and the people of colour of the gifts is determined by his or her gender (e.g., blue for boys and pink for girls). Children often are dressed in colourize associated with their gender. Furthermore, as souls age and as their diction increases, they tend to learn about associations between moods and colors and sometimes make those associations for themselves. For example, Im red with rage or Ive got the blues are common phrases used when describing feelings. Most research about the psychology of colors involves preference or association between colors and moods, and thus, the present study seeks to go steady whether manipulating the colors of questionnaires will influence ones self-reported mood. MoodAn individuals mood can be described as depicting an individuals e motional state which is divided into two broad dimensions positive and negative cloak. Positive affect is characterized as the extent to which one experiences pleasurable conflict with the environment (Clark, Watson, & Leeka, 1989). On the other hand, negative affect is characterized as subjective distress and negative emotional states (Clark et al., 1989). Moreover, one who is high in positive affect is low in negative affect, and vice versa. Descriptors of positive affect include active, alert, attentive, enthusiastic, interested, joyful, etc. Negative affect descriptors include afraid, nervous, hostile, guilty, sad, etc. Preferences of Color and Emotional separate Meerum Terwogt and Hoeksma (1995) examined whether individuals separate preferenc... ...hat individuals who had colorful work environments rated their emotional status as higher throughout the year. However, most of the work environments were neutral or subdued, and thus, the authors suggest that a centrist increa se of color in work environments will be beneficial for employees moods. Weller and Livingston (1988) examined whether the colored paper of the questionnaires affected the participants responses to three vignettes describing a murder or rape. The colors used for the questionnaires were pink, blue, and white, and the participants were randomly assigned the colored questionnaires. The authors found that the pink questionnaires had less emotional responses than did the blue questionnaires thus, suggesting that pink is a calmer color than blue which is contradictory to antecedently mentioned studies associating blue to relaxation and calmness.

Do You Think? Essay -- Creative Writing Thinking Philosophy Essays

Do You Think?Do you think? When was the last time you really sat down and mind about something? Was it a few minutes ago or a few months ago? Our society is so reliant on someone else thought for them that we befuddle become a co-dependent culture. Did you watch the news today? Was some guy on a killing spree? A serial killer. Did you constantly wonder if they felt any mercy for the person as they killed them, each one of them? Or maybe they were merciless and they felt nothing. Or maybe, just maybe, they argon a figment of your imagination.Did you wake up this morning or are you still dreaming? Or are you possibly in a ready reckoner generated and controlled world that will keep you there until you wake up, like in the movie the Matrix? Are pack fond of you or do people hate you? Maybe as you were walking past that person this morning and you said hi and they smiled and waved back, they were just doing it to make you go away. Or maybe they have a crush on you. Maybe, in the mi ddle of that movie you were watching in English class, there was a subliminal message that said diet and so you thought you were hungry. Is there really an afterlife or do you just die and cease to exist? A Heaven? A orchestra pit? ANd ghosts. Are they there? Are they what give you the shivers when youre waking up in the middle of the night, wondering if someone is lurking around the corner? ALiens? Do they exist or are they just some media generated piece of Americas collection of dreams? If they ...

Christian Perspectives on Euthanasia Essay

Christian PerspectivesRoger Crook captures the Christian perspective on euthanasia by posing the question in terms of how we c be for the dying. What do we do for the person who is comatose with no hope of recovery How do we care for the terminally ill person whose remaining days are increasingly agonisingly painful? The Human being is not simply a biological entity but a person, in the image of God and Christ. Death marks the end of a personhood in this demeanor.Biblical teachings prohibit bucking the Sixth Commandment states You shall not kill both in terms of murder and in impulsive manslaughter. Life should not be violated, while the prohibition of killing seems to be a honourable unassailable of Christianity there are exceptions for warfare and self-defence. There are examples in the Bible where the sacrifice of life is considered virtuous Greater love has no man than this That a man lay down his life for his friends The Bible does not prohibit all pickings of life in all c ircumstances, although Christians have traditionally considered taking ones own life to be wrongRoman Catholic PerspectivesAt the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, the Roman Catholic Church condemned crimes again life such as any type of murder, genocide ,abortion, euthanasia or wilful suicide Life is sacred and a gift from God, which they are called upon to preserve and make fruitful To take a life opposes Gods love for that person, and rejects the duty of a person to live life agree to Gods plan. In the same declaration, the Roman Catholic Church made it clear that it was wrong to ask someone for an assisted death, and that an individual cannot take over to such a death For it is a question of the violation of the divine law, an offence against the dignity of the tender person, a crime against life, and an attack on philanthropy The kind of autonomy that John Stuart Mill argues for is rejected by the Roman Catholic Church. We simply dont have that freedom, because we are mad e by God for the purpose of loving God.A distinct argument is made about distraint and its role in Christian theology. Jesus died in pain on the cross, and human suffering at the end of life connects us to the suffering that Jesus felt. This does not mean that Christians should refuse to take painkillers or should actively seek pain, but it does grant suffering the possibility of having a positive effect on the individual. It provides the change that he or she may grow nigher to God. Thomas Wood writes that suffering can seem meaningless, is terrible and is never sought, it is not the worst evil it can be an occasion for spiritual ripening and it can have moral effects on those in attendance. It can have meaning in the context of a life lived in faith.Protestant PerspectivesLiberalJoseph Fletcher is an active advocate of the patients right to de on the basis that Christian faith emphasises love for ones fellow human being, and that death is not the end for Christians. Acts of ki ndness may embrace euthanasia, for instance when a human being is dying in agony, as a retort to human need. Fletchers argument for euthanasia is essentially based around four points 1. The quality of life is to be valued over biological life 2. Death is a friend to someone with a debilitating illness 3. All medical interventions place human will against nature and extraordinary inwardness 4. Special equipment and unnecessary surgery are not morally required for a person who is terminally ill People are prepared to saying death and accept death as preferable to continuous suffering for the patient and the family There is no distinction between our response to a suffering animal or human. There is no difference between passive and active euthanasia as the result is the same.ConservativeRepresented by Arthur Dyck he thinks an act of kindness can result in withdrawing treatment but not doing something actively to bring about death. Permitting some acts of active euthanasia, such as in the case of severelydisable children, seems to be creating a class of human beings who are treated as less valued. He argues that a mentally retarded child is not dying, is not in pain an cannot choose to die. Since killing is generally wrong it should be kept to as narrow a range of exceptions as possible While mercy is a moral obligation, killing is never as mercy. The term mercy killing is a contradiction and when we use the term to justify the killing of the disabled or the mentally incompetent, we fail to care for the most needy in the community, which is a fundamental moral duty. Dycks view is in keeping with traditional Christian thought, and most Christian theologians, which holds that active, direct help in the taking of human life is prohibited.Whereas voluntary euthanasia, self-willed by a rational, legally competent person, has ben permitted by some theologians, active euthanasia in which the person plays no role, has been condemned by the majority of Christian thin kers. The ethical approaches to the problem taken by Christians sometimes reflect a move from general principles to specific applications (the sanctity of life to the prohibition of euthanasia) and also at times the concern about the sinful nature of human beings and their unreliability at making good decisions through the use of right reason

Healthy Grief Essay

Feeling and expressing sadness is unique to each individual and it depends on the nature of their loss. People companionship all kinds of emotions, pain and sadness that are considered normal reactions to a significant loss. While in that respect is no right or wrong way to grieve, at that place are healthy ways to cope with the heartache (helpguide.org). Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, a Psychiatrist invented the five stages of grief, based on the suffer process when negative emotional state changes and loses happen, such as death of a loved one. The five stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross are responses that many people may go through, but there is not a typical response to loss as there is no typical loss and everyone grieves differently (helpguide.org).The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, effect and acceptance. The story of labor in the Bible is an example that displays all the stages of grief set forth by Kubler-Rosss grief model. trade was a Christian man who followed the path of Gods will in His life. Kubler-Ross was not a Christian, and formulated the grief model from observing patients in a hospital who were last from terminal illness. mull suffered great loss in his life and endured different stages in his grieving process but never denounced God. The five stages of grief compared and contrasted with the life of crinkle DenialThe first response of grief according to Kubler-Ross is denial and isolation. This is a stage of shock and numbness and a time when a grieving person is efforting to grasp the situation that something tragic has just happened in their life. hypothecate is grieving at his tremendous loss., he lost his children, his riches and health. It seemed unreal to Job that he tore his clothes, shaved his head and fell on the ground. Job 1 21 reads Naked I came from my mothers womb, and naked shall I return there.The master copy gave, and the Lord has taken away Blessed be the name of the Lord (The Christian Life Bible). Job mourned and lamented at his loss but did not reject God. In contrast to the grief model where the patients knew they were going to die, Job even in his loss knew that he had life. Job maintained total submission to Gods plan in his life. The things of this world can become overwhelming and meaningless to those who are grieving a great loss but knowing God can help to overcome all difficulties of life.AngerAnger is the second stage of grief. According to Kubler-Ross when a patient can no longer maintain the denial stage, they enter into the stage of anger, rage and resentment and start questioning everyone and everything (Roy,A.). Job baned the daylight he was born. Job316 illustrate his frustration and he felt that death would be easier to endure than his grief. Job is angry and felt betrayed by God. Jobs anger becomes obvious and can be seen in Job 711-15. According to Kubler- Ross, anger is a defense used against the primary feelings of hopelessness and weaknes s (grief.com). Job is defending himself by showing his anger to ease his pain of loss. still even in his anger, Job maintains communication with God. The feeling of anger may be towards anyone, may be a person who didnt attend the funeral, doctors, other family members, loved one who have passed (grief.com). It is natural to feel pain and desolate in this stage and finds it hard to accept the loss.BargainingIn this stage, feeling of guilt is common and trying to blame it on ourselves and questioning selves for things that could have been through different to prevent the loss. A grieving person may bargain or try to negotiate a compromise to ease their pain and try to do anything to not feel the pain of loss. For example, a Hindu friend of mine once wrote a letter to Billy Graham indicating to heal her dying mother from cancer and if the mother lives then she will convert to Christianity. That was a bargain and it did not work.Job is bargaining with God in chapter 1320-21, scarcel y two things do not do to me, and then I will not hide myself from You. Withdraw your Hand far from me. And let not the catch of you make me afraid (The Christian Life Bible). For Job, blaming God and everyone seemed natural due to the fear of taking responsibility for what has happened (faiththerapy.org). Job wants to put an end to his suffering, but rather he bowed r reveal in humility and trusting more in God. Job did not listen to his wifes plea to curse God and to die, but he remained in submission to Gods plan in his life.DepressionAccording to Kubler-Ross, grief becomes deeper in this stage and feelings of void and intense sadness and loss of hope invades life. When bargaining does not help, the reality of depression sets in. This is a noticeable stage as people are down and uncertain about their future. The loss of a loved one is heart breaking and a stage of depression is considered normal and appropriate in a healthy grieving process by Kubler-Ross (grief.com). It shows that the person has at least begun to accept the reality. Job 76 reads, My days are swifter than a commotions shuttle, and are spent without hope. (The Christian Life Bible). Job is facing sadness about the situation that he is facing which is not under his control. raze though Job was depressed he never ran from Gods presence. Job 425-6 reads I have heard of You by the hearing of the ear, But now my eye sees You. Therefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes (The Christian Life Bible).AcceptanceDuring this stage according to Kubler-Ross, the person has judge the reality of the loss of their loved ones and realizes that fighting is not going to make any difference. The loved one is no more physically present and that it is a permanent loss. Past is gone and a new future is set in front to run the race in the absence of the loved one. Job is also finally accepting the fact of his total loss and tries to resolve and come into a trusting relationship with God. In chapter 3 8 of Job, it displays the fact that Job finally heard from God again. This is an essential step in the grief process to restore relationships and to come in terms with life and meaning to scarper on with life. Through acceptance, God blessed Job again with more blessings than before and ultimately he regains his long suit back. Job 4210 reads And the Lord restored Jobs loses when he prayed for his friends. Indeed the Lord gave Job twice as much as he had before.(The Christian Life Bible).ConclusionFrom the grief model of Kubler-Ross and the story of Job from the Bible it is clear that grief is a natural process that everyone endures at some point of their life. From the theory of Kubler Ross, the author points out that a person may or may not go through all the stages during a grieving process and the duration may not be the same and will depend on how one handles grief in their life. The component of faith is not central to Kubler-Rosss grieving process. Job responds to his grievi ng situations as a normal person would respond but his tremendous faith in God enables him to overcome all obstacles and regain his rapture in life. His faith alone in God carried him through such devastating times.This understanding can become a tremendous source of strength when we find ourselves facing the unthinkable. Job was a man of great integrity who loved the Lord deeply and his faith was genuine, own(prenominal) and deep. Grieving is a personal experience and how a person grieves depends on their coping style, faith and the nature of loss. It is important to take care of the physical and emotional needs during a grieving process. Unresolved grief can lead to serious consequences in life that can create health problems such as depression, anxiety and substance debase (helpguide.org). The grieving process takes time and healing happens gradually. Whatever grief a person experiences, it is important to be patient and allow the process to unfold of course and not to be for ced or hurried.ReferencesBiblical Answers for Grief. Faith Therapy. Retrieved fromhttp//www.faiththerapy.org/Grief%20Topic.htmlCoping with Grief and Loss. Understanding the Grieving Process. Retrieved fromhttp//www.helpguide.org/mental/grief_loss.htmKubler-Ross Five Stages Model. Retrieved fromhttp//www.change-management-coach.com/kubler-ross.htmlRoy, A. (1991). The Book of Job A Grief and Human Development Interpretation.Journal of Religion and Health, 30(2). Retrieved fromhttp//link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00988704The Five Stages of Grief. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross & David Kessler. Retrieved fromhttp//grief.com/the-five-stages-of-grief/The Christian Life Bible (1998). Thomas Nelson Publishers.

Case Study – George David

CASE 1 GEORGE DAVID 1. What makes George David such a highly regarded manager? * beat out Educated Manpower One of George Davids most nonable good deeds was to set up a landmark of $60 million per year employee erudition broadcast in 1996. The program helps each UTC employee who wants for education to pays their college tuition, books, fees and all the same time off to study. David also extended benefits for four years to laid-off consummationers who had been relocated.He even added another incentive with amount $5,000 worth of order stock to all employees who complete associate degrees and $10,000 worth of company stock to those who complete bachelor degrees or higher. In the first three years of the program, UTC has spent to a greater extent than $100 million on tuition, fees, and books. According to David, he said that the employee scholarship program was designed to meet his goal of having the best educated workforce on the planet. When David first proposed the program in 1 995, other executives believed the employees would wee their new degrees and physical exertion them to benefit other employers.However, the evidence shows that employees who go through the program had become more loyal to UTC, he successfully retained his employees and raised the skill take of workers as the turnover rate for these employees has been about one-half that of the overall workforce. * Reorganizing UTC with a focus on Business excellence During his tenure as CEO, David exhaustively reorganized UTC. He dramatically cut down the size of head office and decentralized decision making to business divisions.He also develop a new financial reporting system that would give him good information about each division and make it easier to hold divisional oecumenical managers responsible for their performance respectively. In the other hands, he also set demanding goals for earnings and sales growth for the employees and motivate them by implementing ACE program for improved p roductiveness and building a strong management team that yields big results. * Concerned About Employees resort David was adhering to social responsibility. Despite his interest in shareholder value, he was concerned about his employees safe and health.David wanted each employees adhere to the highest ethical standards, which the company having minimal environmental impact. He strongly advocates the Employee Safety at the place of work, employees safety always remain as the top consideration in the workplace. * A mix of toughness and sensitivity David has the amend mix of toughness and sensitivity. He would offer help to people struggling at work but would not tolerate repeated instances of incompetence. David is demanding but he also makes it a touch to listen to his people. 2. How does David outwit things done through people?David had all the qualities, skills of an efficient Manager. With the conceptual, Technical and managerial skills that he possessed, David had the abili ty to get things done through people. He combined some of the best Japanese manufacturing techniques with an intense focus on shareholder return (something Japanese companies are not particularly cognize for). Thats how he achieved exceptional performance over a long period. With the help of Yuzuru Ito, he developed a program known as Achieving Competitive Excellence, for improving product quality, increased productivity and to lower the cost of production.His employee friendly schemes like Scholarship program, Safety at work corporate Responsibility towards the environment made him popular among employees and they became more loyal to the company. The manufacturing operations that were susceptible to quality improvements, efficiency improvements, and technological improvements were the process disciplines of UTC under Davids presidency. David has the right mix of toughness and sensitivity. He would offer help to people struggling at work but would not tolerate repeated instances of incompetence. David is demanding but he also makes it a point to listen to his people. . What evidence can you see of Davids planning and strategizing, organizing, controlling, leading, and developing? Davids planning, organizing, controlling, leading and developing the company made UTC see greater heights. Planning Strategizing One of the first things David did when he became CEO of UTC was to bring in Yuzuru Ito, the quality guru who helped him formulate his directive principles of leadership. With the help of Yuzuro, David rolled out the ACE program which improved the production quality, increased productivity and lowered the cost of production.He started the Employee Scholarship Program due to which, the employees became more loyal to the company becoming partners of growth. It also resulted in a better skilled workforce. Organizing During his tenure as CEO, David also radically reorganized UTC. He had to take some harsh decisions and had to lay off many employees. Controll ing Developing To have more control on the staff and to make them responsible, he developed a new financial reporting system that would give him good information about how well each division was doing.Hence the divisional general managers were accountable for the performance of the units under them. He then gave demanding goals for earnings, cost reduction, increased sales and pushed them to improve processes within their units. Leading David stressed on goal setting and retentiveness people accountable. He insisted that UTC employees adhere to the highest ethical standards. Thanks to his quality-improvement techniques, UTC was running to achieve maximum efficiency. 4. Which managerial competencies does David seem to posses? Does he seem to deprivation any? David had all the qualities, skills, competencies of an efficient Manager.With the conceptual, Technical and managerial skills that he possessed, David had the uncanny ability to get things done through people. David has the right mix of toughness and sensitivity. He would offer help to people struggling at work but would not tolerate repeated instances of incompetence. David is demanding but he also makes it a point to listen to his people. He had the foresight to see how a superior education funded by the organization would lead to not only a better pendent workforce but would also in turn result in long term loyalty.David also showcased his ability to take tough decisions by decentralizing and laying excess staff in order to have a lean and effective business. He directed his accounting staff to develop a new financial reporting system that would give him good information about how well each division was doing and make it easier to hold divisional general managers accountable for the performance of the units under them. David set demanding goals and encouraged his general managers to deliver them by using the ACE program. He worked towards building a positive work culture with values and ethics at the heart of operations.

Happy-haus Food Corporation Essay

Happy-haus Food Corporation is the find franchisor of happy-haus Donuts. The follow was established in 2005 by seasoned individuals in the donut industry. The phoners aim is to create quality donut products at cheap prices. Happy-haus Food Corporation is the mother franchisor of happy-haus Donuts. The company was established in 2005 by seasoned individuals in the donut industry. The companys aim is to create quality donut products at affordable prices. This was realized with the birth of happy-haus Donuts, a franchising descent, giving not only quality products at affordable price but also formulating a superb business opportunity to Filipino families. The company believes that luscious mouth watering donuts should be available to all Filipino families and not just to those who can afford expensively priced donuts. At happy-haus Donuts, total quality is assured through ingredients and equipments sourced both from the United States and locally following strict quality control sta ndards.Company VisionThe companys vision is to be the number one donut retail company in the Philippines and expand into nearby countries like China and Taiwan. The companys principle is to provide high quality products at affordable prices. The company aims to provide this service to the Filipino people and eventually to other countries as well. In order to achieve this vision, the company continues to increase its production volume and invest in product development to provide quality and affordable donuts to Filipino families. The company ensures this attainment of this vision by Continually seeking strategic locations to open outlets through franchising. Drive sales growth through a focused trading operations strategy. Prioritize innovation in product development and sourcing of alternative sources of raw materials.Company MissionThe companys mission reflects the ultimate reason for our existence. 1 of them is to provide a superb business opportunity to Filipino entrepreneur s. Another is to provide high quality affordable donuts to the Filipino market. And lastly, the company is dedicated to self-consistent improvements.Core ValuesOur company is committed to Excellence Service Professionalism Social Responsibility

Saul Bass

Saul inscrutable The Game Changer Vicente Mendez Saul bass The Game Changer Designers are always influential to the humanness in their works. Saul Bass was one programer who stood out. He took his talents to their limits and redefined design with his works. Not only was he a great graphic designer, but the reign master of film deed design. He changed and redefined the art of graphic design. Saul had many innovations, breakthroughs and discoveries, and theories and philosophies. Movies often have strong messages to send or certain things that they compulsion the audience to catch.Saul reinvented the film posters and picture title sequences and did it in ways that intrigued and redefined what it meant to be a graphic designer (Thatcher). His innovation and creativity brought him his fame and superiority in the design industry. The Man With the Golden Arm was the movie that brought him recognition when he designed the film poster and title sequence to depict the arm of a heroin addicts arm which was the message of the film (Thatcher). In the mid 50s heroin was a taboo subject and the movie depicted a flatus musician who works to overcome his heroin addiction.Just as Saul precious, the iconic arm got people talking and gave the movie some recognition as strong as Saul Bass. Bass was an inventor and provided effect, memorable titles sequences, inventing a new type of kinetic typography (Thatcher). He brought many new ideas to life his innovations were his chance on to triumph and recognizable as a revered designer. Saul redefined what it meant to be a graphic designer for movies. His works for movie titles and sequences changed how many perceived the title screens to be (Brown).The point of a title sequence and film posters are to catch the audiences attention, but keep it simple so it is easier to understand. must also allow the audience to have their own interpretation too, it will bring more attention and light to the film (Brown). When the audience themselves have an ruttish connection, it will more than likely that they will come and see the movie. Sauls breakthrough with the movie The Man With The Golden Arm brought the movie success because he kept the imagery of the film poster simple, yet will conveyed a strong enough message to get the audience riled up about the nature of the movie.The way a designer looks at life, can be seen through their work. Saul believed in the philosophy try to reach for a simple, visual phrase that tells you what the picture is all about and evokes the essence of the story, which can be seen in his film logo for The Man with the Golden Arm (Thatcher). some former(a) works like the AT&T logo are examples of his simplicity yet it captures the minds of those who see the designs. Another philosophy of his was to make the ordinary extraordinary (Thatcher).Saul wanted the audience to see the simplexes in his work, yet see it in an complex way that they may not completely understand but they will qu ieten be mesmerized by it. Sauls designs in truth influenced many people, and many other designers influenced him. The audience can always be sure that when Bass designed something, there was always a message behind the design. He genuinely influenced the film industry and Hollywood changed forever with their designs. His works also influenced other designers to start seeing graphic designing in a whole new light.The time period that Saul Bass was a designer really had a lot of influence on his work. He worked during the time of the Civil Rights Movements, which really helped influence his work and his effort in really bringing apparent movement picture to life. Saul Bass was an innovator, an amazing graphic artist of his time and stood out in what he did. His breakthroughs led the film industries into a new advance direction when it came to film posters and title sequence design. His philosophies influenced many other designers and can be seen through his works as well as his l ifestyle.He influenced other designers and really changed the way people see motion film. His artistic abilities combined with his unique style really drove motion picture and made it a boastful name in film industries especially with catching the audiences attention. Works Cited Thatcher, Lisa. Saul Bass The Film Posters You Know Better than AnyA other. Lisa Thatcher. N. p. , 16 Feb. 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. . Brown, D. (1982). Aiga. Retrieved from http//www. aiga. org/medalist-saulbass/

Salary Is the Most Important Factor in Motivating Employees

Salary is the around all important(predicate) federal agent in propel employees penury plays a signifi domiciliatet part in a company in the modern society because only if employees are motivated can they be more than productive. In a company, managers usually take measures such as pay summation and forwarding to motivate workers. In the past decade, there have been a large number of surveys on component parts that motivate employees to perform their best (Wiley 1997). Some experts state that salary is the most important factor in motivating employees. However, others gestate that factors such as responsibility and job security are of vital importance.This essay will argue that salary is not the most important factor in motivating workers and discuss what the foremost factors are. First, it will give evidence to show that salary is not the most important. Then, it will explain what are the most important in motivating employees. After that, it will discuss the importance of salary. Finally, a conclusion will be given at the end of the essay. The grounds why salary is not the most important motivation is that companies usually link workers salaries with their productive results, which gives employees less opportunities and limits their development (The Times 100 2010).If workers want to see more wages, they will work only for the products and become workaholic automatons. Another point is that if pay is considered as the reward of productive results, it is difficult to guarantee equity. Then, employees may be dis squelched to companies and become less productive. Furthermore, as passel value respect and participation, pay is not so foremost and it is important to satisfy peoples spiritual needs. For example, according to McGregors Theory X and Theory Y, responsibility is of vital importance in motivating employees and if managers delegate responsibility to workers, they will be more motivated.Another theory, theory Z, suggests that participation cou ld increase job satisfaction (Madura 2008). In addition, people want all their internal and external needs to be satisfied and salary is only a small part to meet their basic need. Even companies can provide satisfying pay workers may be salvage unwell to work with all their heart. Therefore, salary is not the most important factor in motivating employees and there are non-financial factors that are more important than salary. Despite the fact that salary-system is an important part in modern enterprise system, it does not mean that pay is the most important factor.According to a surprising scientific experiment of motivation, people who gain bonuses and commissions spend more time in solving a problem, which suggests that people become inefficient (Pink 2009). In some companies, employees passive choose to resign even though they have a mettlesome salary. This is because they have no job security in the company. Job security can be defined as the confidence that they can keep th eir jobs. People who have job security can perform seriously as a result of concern about finding a more secure employment (Madura 2008).Moreover, workers with a low salary may also work efficiently because they can gain a sense of identity. When employees contribute to companies and gain recognition, they usually work stronger than before as the result of a sense of achievement. In addition, people who have high salaries are faced with more pressure because they should work more and perform better than those who have low salaries. Pay increases are on behalf of the increase of responsibility. Thus, employees who have poor pressure coping would rather choose a satisfied job with low pay than work voiceless with high salaries.It follows that salary is not the most important factor in motivating employees because career will be hard when they are offered with high salaries. Based on the analysis of why salary is not the most important motivation, the next part of this essay will ex plain what the foremost factors are in motivating employees. Firstly, recognition and appreciation for work done is often a top motivator, which require feedback to provide reinforcement for positive behaviour. As a result, managers positive feedback to workers is a significant form of motivation (Wiley 1997).Secondly, responsibility can also be the most important motivation. The responsibility to family requires people to work hard so that they can support their family and performing duties to a company is the best method of gaining appreciation. Furthermore, participation can be another foremost factor in motivating employees. When workers participate in corporate decision, they may be more productive in consideration of their own benefits. Finally, promotion and career development in a company are also of vital importance. For example, irms usually offer more opportunities to workers with the growth of the firm so that most employees can promote promptly (Jackson & Bak, 1998). A s a consequence, companies can take non-financial measures such as positive feedback and promotion to encourage employees to work hard. Although salary is not the most important factor in motivating employees, companies still cannot ignore the importance of salary because satisfying wages have been proved efficient to motivate workers for long time. For example, Taylor put before the first motivation theory in 1911 and the research pointed that people worked only for money (The Times 100 2010).As a result, pay increases are popular in almost all companies. Thus, it can be seen that salary can motivate people to become more productive. In addition, outstanding workers want their pay increase connected with great work instead of simply increase with ordinary people. Otherwise, these outstanding employees will be disheartened and lose the motivation of work because they recognise that the reward they gain is as identical as other workers who spend less time and energy in spite of how hard they work (Gioia, 2009).In consequence, if a company want to motivate employees by salary system, it must be equal to each person so as to motivate every workers to rectify efficiency. In conclusion, it is the core subject in modern company theory research that a company can motivate employees efficiently and salary is not the most important factor in motivating workers because there are a large number of non-financial factors that are more important than salary.Responsibility forces employees to work hard and they can gain a sense of identify because of participations. Job security is a motivator of increasing importance and managers positive feedback such as promotion opportunities and praise would also motivate employees. A successful company is one that establishes different motivating systems for different people to encourage them to be more productive. Therefore, companies should centralize more on these non-financial factors instead of only paying attention to pay inc reases.References Gioia, C. (2009) Motivating employees Is money or recognition more appreciated? Available from http//www. helium. com/debates/137270-motivating-employees-is-money-or-recognition-more-appreciated/side_by_side. (Accessed 29 November 2012). Jackson T. and Bak M. (1998) Foreign companies and Chinese workers employee motivation in the Peoples Republic of China, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 11(4), pp. 282 300. Madura, J. (2008) Introduction to Business. 4th ed. Beijing Post telecom Press.Pink, D. (2009) Dan Pink on the surprising science of motivation online video Available from http//www. ted. com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation. html. (Accessed 23 October 2012). The Times 100 (2010) Motivational Theory in Practice at Tesco. Available from http//www. thetimes100. co. uk/download-tesco-edition-15-full-case-study_132_396_1168 (Accessed 23 October 2012). Wiley, C. (1997) What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys, Internationa l Journal of Manpower, 18(3), pp. 263-280.

Quiz Essay Questions Economics

CHAPTER 12 Fiscal Policy A. Short-Answer, Essays, and Problems 1. Give a brief definition of financial constitution? What argon its sparing goals? 2. What is the Council of stinting Advisers? 3. The Employment identification number of 1946 is no more than than a vague and ill-defined commitment by the Federal political sympathies to assistant in the come throughment of adept exercising. Do you agree? Explain. 4. Explain the consummation of a discretionary cut in taskes of $40 one thousand million on the rescue when the preservations marginal propensity to consume is . 75.By how much is output likely to expand if the preservation is operating in the horizontal foulground of its sum come out curve and on that point ar no complications to this monetary policy? How does this discretionary monetary policy differ from a discretionary add-on in brass pass of $40 gazillion? 5. Explain the power of a discretionary improver in governing disbursement of $50 bill ion on the delivery when the preservations marginal propensity to consume is . 75. By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its coalesce supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? . Explain the aspects of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy. During which phases of the business roulette wheel would each be leave? 7. Differentiate between discretionary fiscal policy and nondiscretionary or built-in stabilization policy. 8. Describe two ways the Federal judicature smoke pay a shortage and explain which would have the more expansionary effect. 9. Describe two ways the Federal regimen could retire debt in the event of a cipher surplus and explain which would have the almost contractionary impact. 10. What is the anti- flashary or contractionary effect of a reckon surplus? 11.Explain how a small cipher surplus could substantially be somewhat expansionary rather than contractionary. 197 Chapter 12 New 12. Comment on the affirmation Increasing government dischargeing is preferred to a cut in taxes when the U. S. government gossipks to fight a recession. 13. Explain what is meant by a built-in stabilizer and give two examples. 14. The more imperfect tense a tax system, the great is the economys built-in stability. Explain this statement for both recessionary and peak phases of the business cycle. 15. Explain how the below graph illustrates the built-in stability of a progressive tax structure. 6. In Year 1, the full-employment figure showed a deficit of about $100 billion and the actual calculate showed a deficit of $150 billion one year. In Year 2, the full employment budget showed a deficit of about $125 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion. Based on these data, what can be concluded about the direction of fiscal policy? 17. What is the difference between the actual deficit, the full-employment deficit, and the cyclical deficit? 18. What does the full-employment budget measure and of what significance is this concept? 19.Complete the table below by stating whether the direction of discretionary fiscal policy was contractionary (C), expansionary (E), or nevery (N), given the supposed(a) budget data for an economy. 198 Fiscal Policy (2) (3) Actual budget deficit () or Full-employment budget Yearsurplus (+)deficit () or surplus (+) fiscal policy 1 2 3 4 5 6 3. 9% 4. 5 4. 7 3. 9 2. 9 2. 2 2. 1% 2. 6 3. 0 2. 6 2. 0 1. 9 (1) (4) Direction of _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 20. In what fundamental way do the consumption-taxation decisions of government differ from the consumption-saving plans of households?Why is this difference meaningful? New 21. Comment on the statement Discretionary fiscal policy offers an ideal approach to dealing with the nations scotch problems. It is without problems, criticisms, or complications. New 22. Explain the six problems, criticisms, or complications that stand up in the implementation of fiscal policy. New 23. Explain the problems giving hoist to this statement You would think the government would want to do something to improve frugalal conditions when the economy is in trouble, but the government is slow to act. New 24. How do expectations about the future tense by households and businesses affect the effectivity of fiscal policy? Cite examples. 25. If economic forecasting was a more exact science, the business cycle could be entirely corrected by fiscal measures. Do you agree? 26. Explain the crowding-out effect. 27. utilise the below graph, illustrate the possible impact of a crowding-out effect of a fiscal policy by drawing in the relevant aggregate occupy shifts. Label and explain any shifts in the demand curve shown. 199 Chapter 12 28.Explain how the net-export effect would reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy. New 29. What fiscal policy is most likely to be invoked during a period of recession and high unemployment? A pe riod of rapid inflation? What political, investment funds, and foreign problems might the U. S. relation encounter in enacting these policies and putting them into effect? 30. (Last Word) What is the purpose of the Conference Boards superpower of leading economic indicators? 31. (Last Word) Why is the business leader finger of leading economic indicators a conglomerate index of ten economic statistics and non just one? 00 Fiscal Policy B. Answers to Short-Answer, Essays, and Problems 1. Give a brief definition of fiscal policy? What are its economic goals? Fiscal policy is the use of the federal budget to achieve full employment, control inflation, and stimulate economic growth. The channels to the federal budget can be made through appends or decreases in government disbursal or through increases or decreases in tax revenues. text E p. 214 MA p. 214. 2. What is the Council of Economic Advisers?The Council of Economic Advisors is responsible for assisting and advising the president on economic affairs. One of its principal responsibilities is to prepare an annual report for the president that is submitted to Congress that describes the state of the economy and recommends economic policies to achieve full employment, control inflation, and encourage economic growth. text E pp. 214-215 MA pp. 214-215. 3. The Employment Act of 1946 is no more than a vague and ill-defined commitment by the Federal government to assist in the achievement of full employment. Do you agree? Explain. To agree with this statement does not diminish the importance of the Employment Act of 1946. The Constitution has also been called vague and ill-defined, but that does not diminish its importance. This act committed the Federal government to following policies which would attempt to stabilize prices and promote full employment and established the CEA and JEC to assist in this task. While specific policies were not outlined, the intention of the act is clear it is a responsibility of the Federal government to assist in this effort.That had not been an explicit on-going policy before 1946. text E p. 214 MA p. 214 4. Explain the effect of a discretionary cut in taxes of $40 billion on the economy when the economys marginal propensity to consume is . 75. By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its aggregate supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? How does this discretionary fiscal policy differ from a discretionary increase in government spending of $40 billion? If MPC is . 75, the multiplier is 4.A tax cut of $40 billion will burden in initial increase in consumption of $30 billion (. 75 ? $40 billion). This initial increase in spending will ultimately result in an increase in consumption spending of $120 billion because of the multiplier process. In contrast, an initial increase in government spending of $40 billion will ultimately increase consumer spending by $160 billion (4 ? $40) because none of the initial increase is siphoned off as savings as would be the case with a $40 billion tax cut. text E pp. 215-216 MA pp. 215-216 5.Explain the effect of a discretionary increase in government spending of $50 billion on the economy when the economys marginal propensity to consume is . 75. By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its aggregate supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? If MPC is . 75, the multiplier is 4. An initial increase of $50 billion government spending will result in a total increase in output of $200 billion. text E pp. 215-216 MA pp. 215-216 6. Explain the aspects of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy.During which phases of the business cycle would each be appropriate? 201 Chapter 12 Expansionary fiscal policy refers to increases in government spending or decreases in taxes or both, so that the net effect on aggregate demand is an increase in net go vernment spending. Contractionary fiscal policy is the opposite an increase in taxes or decrease in government spending or both, so that the net effect on aggregate demand is a decrease in net government spending. Expansionary policy would most likely be used during a recession (or trough) phase.A contractionary policy would most likely be assiduous near the peak of the business cycle as the economy reaches full-employment GDP and the potential for inflation accelerates. text E pp. 215-217 MA pp. 215-217 7. Differentiate between discretionary fiscal policy and nondiscretionary or built-in stabilization policy. Discretionary fiscal policy is the deliberate manipulation of taxes and government spending by the Congress to alter veridical domestic output and employment, to control inflation, and to stimulate economic growth during a particular period of time.Nondiscretionary fiscal policy, on the otherwise hand, is the change in government expenditures or taxes which occurs automati cally as a result of existing laws. In particular, personal income taxes have progressive rates and will slow spending and inflation as GDP expands when GDP declines, taxes will decrease by a more than proportionate amount allowing incomes and spending to decline at a sulky rate than GDP. There are also many transfer payment programs which become effective when incomes decline or unemployment occurs to reduce the decline in expendable income.Conversely, these programs automatically are trim back when the economy expands and unemployment declines and spending increases. text E pp. 215, 219-220 MA pp. 215, 219-220 8. Describe two ways the Federal government can finance a deficit and explain which would have the more expansionary effect. The government can borrow gold from the cloistered sector in which case it will be competing with private business borrowers for funds. If planned investment spending is crowded out, the impact of expansionary deficits will be offset by the declin e in investment spending.The government can also finance a deficit by issuing new money which essentially means that the Federal Reserve has financed the deficit. This type of financing would be more expansionary than borrowing from the private sector. text E pp. 217-218 MA pp. 217-218 9. Describe two ways the Federal government could retire debt in the event of a budget surplus and explain which would have the most contractionary impact. The government could use a budget surplus to pay off existing debt which would recycle funds back into the economy and potentially offset the decline in government spending.Alternatively, the government could impound the surplus funds, or allow them to stand idle, which means these funds are not injected into the economy and would have a more contractionary effect than the first alternative. text E p. 218 MA p. 218 10. What is the anti-inflationary or contractionary effect of a budget surplus? The anti-inflation effect of a budget surplus depends o n what the government does with the surplus. The budget surpluses whitethorn be used for debt reduction. In this case, bonds 202 Fiscal Policy are bought back by the government and money is pumped back into the economy.Interest rate will tend to fall, and this may increase consumer and investment spending, thus offsetting some of the contractionary effect of the budget surplus. The government may also impound funds (not spend them). This action will be more contractionary because it actually removes spending from the economy that would have been spent otherwise. text E p. 218 MA p. 218 11. Explain how a small budget surplus could actually be somewhat expansionary rather than contractionary. This could be the unlikely result of what the government decides to do with the surplus.If it is used to retire existing debt, then the surplus is pumped right back into the economy and with the multiplier effect this additional liquid wealth in the hands of individuals could lead to an increase in aggregate demand and GDP. text E p. 218 MA p. 218 New 12. Comment on the statement Increasing government spending is preferred to a cut in taxes when the U. S. government seeks to fight a recession. The statement is a normative one. Either action, increased government spending or taxation, can be use to fight a recession. The policy choice will depend on the preferences of the individual.Those individuals who want to fight a recession with an increase in government spending may want to preserve the size of government in the economy and have specific government programs they would like to see funded. Those individuals who prefer a tax cut may want to reduce the size of government and give people more money and the freedom to spend it as they chose. text E p. 218 MA p. 218 13. Explain what is meant by a built-in stabilizer and give two examples. Built-in stabilizers are changes in tax revenues or government spending which occur automatically during different phases of the business cycle.For example, the progressive income tax will dampen any expansion of aggregate demand in the recovery peak phases and will dampen any decline in income and aggregate demand during a recession as taxes are automatically decreased by a greater proportion than the decline in personal income. There are also government spending programs which increase during recessionary periods automatically as incomes decline or are lost. The so-called safety net programs include unemployment compensation, welfare programs, and food stamp spending.These spending programs are automatically reduced during a recovery peak phase which would dampen aggregate demand and inflationary pressures automatically. text E pp. 218-219 MA pp. 218-219 14. The more progressive a tax system, the greater is the economys built-in stability. Explain this statement for both recessionary and peak phases of the business cycle. A progressive tax would take a increasingly greater proportion of rising incomes during the peak phase of the business cycle which means it would dampen spending increases and aggregate demand which, in turn, reduces inflationary pressures.On the other hand, a progressive tax would take proportionately less away from declining incomes during a recessionary phase allowing disposable income to fall less rapidly than sure GDP. Therefore, aggregate demand would decline less rapidly than GDP and the magnitude of the spending decline that might occur in the absence of the tax would be reduced. text E pp. 219-220 MA pp. 219-220 203 Chapter 12 15. Explain how the below graph illustrates the built-in stability of a progressive tax structure. The graph illustrates how net taxes are cast out as GDP declines which will add to aggregate demand.When GDP expands, tax revenues increase which dampens aggregate demand. text E pp. 219-220 MA pp. 219-220 16. In Year 1, the full-employment budget showed a deficit of about $100 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion on e year. In Year 2, the full employment budget showed a deficit of about $125 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion. Based on these data, what can be concluded about the direction of fiscal policy? Fiscal policy was expansionary because the full-employment budget deficit increased from one year to the next.The actual deficit is composed of the full-employment portion and the cyclical portion. The full-employment portion of the actual budget deficit rose from $100 to $150 billion. The cyclical portion is castd by taking the actual deficit and subtracting the cyclical portion from it. The cyclical portion of the actual deficit fell from $50 billion to $25 billion. The actual budget deficit did not change, but it does not provide a good indication of the direction of fiscal policy. Only the full-employment budget tells the direction of fiscal policy. text E pp. 220-221 MA pp. 220-221 17. What is the difference between the actual deficit, the full-employment de ficit, and the cyclical deficit? The actual budget deficit for any year consists of the full-employment and the cyclical deficit. The full-employment deficit is the difference between government expenditures and tax collections which would occur if there were full employment output. The cyclical deficit is the portion of the actual deficit that arises because the economy is in recession and is produced by this downturn in the business cycle.During a recession, a cyclical deficit often occurs because tax revenues fall as incomes fall and government expenditures increase as more is spent for government transfer payments and other programs. The cyclical deficit occurs because of the operation of these automatic stabilizers. text E pp. 221-222 MA pp. 221-222 18. What does the full-employment budget measure and of what significance is this concept? The full-employment budget refers to the budget deficit or surplus that would result with existing tax and spending programs if the economy were operating at full-employment.In other words, tax revenues and government spending are estimated at the level that would result if full employment existed. 204 Fiscal Policy Some economists believe that the full-employment budgetary deficit or surplus is what should determine the expansionary or contractionary nature of fiscal policy rather than the actual budgetary deficit or surplus. If the full-employment budget is not in deficit, then expansionary fiscal policy is not being followed according to this view even if the actual budget is in deficit. text E pp. 221-222 MA pp. 221-222 19. Complete the table below by stating whether the direction of discretionary fiscal policy was contractionary (C), expansionary (E), or neither (N), given the hypothetical budget data for an economy. (2) (3) Actual budget deficit () or Full-employment budget Yearsurplus (+)deficit () or surplus (+) fiscal policy 1 2 3 4 5 6 3. 9% 4. 5 4. 7 3. 9 2. 9 2. 2 2. 1% 2. 6 3. 0 2. 6 2. 0 1. 9 ( 1) (4) Direction of E E C C C text E pp. 221-222 MA pp. 221-222 20.In what fundamental way do the spending-taxation decisions of government differ from the consumption-saving plans of households? Why is this difference significant? The spending-taxation decisions of government are made in a political environment in which the majority must be satisfied, or satisfied enough to continue to vote for its elected representatives. Furthermore, since the government does not have a exceptional lifespan and always has the ability to tax, deficit-spending and debt do not have the same significance to governments that they do to individual households.Households face a much more indefinite future with regard to their power to raise revenue (income) and therefore must plan their spending and saving to coincide with their lifetime earnings expectations. The difference is significant because so many people try to draw an analogy between government spending policies and household spending plans w hen it is usually not appropriate to do so. text E pp. 223-224 MA pp. 223-224 New 21. Comment on the statement Discretionary fiscal policy offers an ideal approach to dealing with the nations economic problems. It is without problems, criticisms, or complications. Discretionary fiscal policy does offer government policymakers potential tools (changing taxes or government spending) to use for stimulating the economy during a recession or for contracting the economy during a period of high inflation. Fiscal policy, however, is not without its problems, criticisms, or complications. First, there are timing problems in getting it implemented at the right time so it will be effective. Second, there are political problems in getting it accepted because it takes time to get the actions passed through Congress and signed by the President.Third, there are expectations problems because policies may be reversed in the future. Fourth, the taxing and spending decisions of the Federal government may be part offset by the taxing and spending decisions of state and local governments. Fifth, some economists are concerned that expansionary fiscal policy that requires the Federal government to borrow money will raise interest rates and crowd out investment spending, thus reducing 205 Chapter 12 the expansionary effect of the fiscal policy. Sixth, there are complications arising from the alliance of the domestic economy to the world economy.Aggregate demand shocks from abroad or a net export effect may increase or decrease the effectiveness of a given fiscal policy. text E pp. 223-225 MA pp. 223-225 New 22. Explain the six problems, criticisms, or complications that arise in the implementation of fiscal policy. First there is a timing problem. Three lags are identified under the timing problem category. There is a lag in recognizing the phase of the business cycle there is an administrative lag in deciding which policies to follow there is an operational lag in terms of the imp act of the policy once it is implemented.Second, there are political considerations in the adoption of fiscal policy. There is some evidence of a political business cycle where particular expansionary policies are followed in election years whether or not economic conditions merit them. Third, there is an expectations complication. If businesses and households expect that the fiscal policy will be reversed in the future, they may not change their behavior in the way that would be expected if the fiscal policy was permanent.Fourth, the taxing and spending decisions of state and local governments may stop or reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy decisions at the federal level. The U. S. government may enact an expansionary fiscal policy by increasing its budget deficit, but state and local governments often have to balance a budget and economic conditions may force them to adopt a contractionary policy that part offset what the federal government is seeking to achieve.Fifth, the re is concern about possible offsetting effects of government borrowing crowding out private spending that would occur in the absence of the government deficit and an offsetting net export effect which partly counteracts expansionary policy or contractionary policy. Sixth, there are complications to domestic fiscal policy from the national economys connection to the world economy. Economic shock from abroad can have an effect on the nations imports and exports. The net export effect can reduce the intended effects of fiscal policy. text E pp. 223-226 MA pp. 223-226 New 23. Explain the problems giving rise to this statement You would think the government would want to do something to improve economic conditions when the economy is in trouble, but the government is slow to act. Fiscal policy is defer to timing problems. There are three timing lags that limit the speed with which fiscal policy can be enacted and effective. First, there is a lag in recognizing the phase of the busines s cycle to determine when the government might want to provide help.Second, there is an administrative lag in decision-making that involves deciding which specific policies should be adopted. Third, there is an operational lag because the adoption of policies takes time to have an effect on output and employment. text E p. 223 MA p. 223 New 24. How do expectations about the future by households and businesses affect the effectiveness of fiscal policy? Cite examples. If households or businesses expect that the fiscal policy changes are only temporary, they may not change their behavior in the expected way.For example, if tax cuts are enacted to stimulate consumer spending, some consumers may not change their 206 Fiscal Policy spending habits if they think the tax change is only temporary. In the future, they will have to pay more in taxes, so they might increase their saving. Similarly, businesses may not invest in new plants and equipment if they get a tax cut, if they expect taxes in the future to rise or the fiscal policy to be ineffective. text E pp. 223-224 MA pp. 223-224 25. If economic forecasting was a more exact science, the business cycle could be entirely corrected by fiscal measures. Do you agree? Exact forecasting, if possible, would politic not solve all of the problems encountered in trying to correct the business cycle. There is also the problem of timing the enactment and application of fiscal policy, not to mention the coordination of monetary policy and international economic policies, or reduced private spending (crowding out). text E pp. 223-225 MA pp. 223-225 26. Explain the crowding-out effect. The crowding-out effect is the notion that government borrowing to finance a deficit may crowd out or reduce private borrowing.To the extent that this occurs, the expansionary impact of fiscal policy is reduced because increased demand by the government is partially offset by reduced demand in private investment. text E pp. 224-225 MA pp. 224-225 27. Using the below graph, illustrate the possible impact of a crowding-out effect of a fiscal policy by drawing in the relevant aggregate demand shifts. Label and explain any shifts in the demand curve shown. Expansionary fiscal policy increases demand from AD1 to AD2, but this crowds out some private investment spending that offsets the increase to some extent causing AD2 to decrease to AD3.See graph below. text E pp. 224-225 MA pp. 224-225 28. Explain how the net-export effect would reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy. 207 Chapter 12 If an expansionary fiscal policy brings with it higher interest rates, this could increase the demand for American dollars by foreign investors seeking to earn the higher U. S. returns. This appreciation of the dollar makes U. S. goods and function more expensive to foreigners and foreign imports less expensive to Americans. The net export category of ggregate demand will be reduced which would reduce the impact of expansionary fiscal policy. A contractionary fiscal policy could have the opposite effect causing net exports to increase that again reduces the desired effect of the contractionary fiscal policy. text E pp. 225-226 MA pp. 225-226 New 29. What fiscal policy is most likely to be invoked during a period of recession and high unemployment? A period of rapid inflation? What political, investment, and international problems might the U. S. Congress encounter in enacting these policies and putting them into effect?During recession and high unemployment, the government would most likely initiate an expansionary fiscal policy. A contractionary fiscal policy would most likely be called for during a period of rapid inflation, especially if it seems to be demand-pull inflation. Several problems are likely to arise in enacting either of these policies. Timing lags in recognition, implementation, and impact are one concern. Another has to do with political realities. A contractionary policy has many unpopular aspects to it because it calls for raising taxes and for cutting government spending.There are also unique problems associated with expansionary policy crowding out is one potential result that would reduce the expansionary effect of the policy. In both cases, the net-export part of aggregate demand is likely to move in a direction that would tend to offset the policy. text E pp. 223-226 MA pp. 223-226 30. (Last Word) What is the purpose of the Conference Boards index of leading economic indicators? The index of leading indicators is a monthly index of economic statistics that are used to forecast the direction of real GDP.Changes in the index provide an indication of the future direction of the economy and are useful to policy makers in developing responses to deteriorating conditions in the economy. The rule of thumb is that three concomitant decreases or increases in the index indicate a change of direction in the economy. text E p. 227 MA p. 227 31. (Last Word) Why is the index of leading e conomic indicators a composite index of ten economic statistics and not just one? Each of the economic statistics used to prepare the index may increase or decrease in any month and thus give false or contradictory signals about the direction of the economy.It is less likely that all these economic indicators, taken together, will give as many false signals about the direction of the economy as one indicator will. Thus the composite index is more reliable than any one indicator. The composite index, however, is not infallible and can also give false indications about the direction of the economy because of changes in the structure of the economy or developments that are not covered by the indicators that make up the index. text E p. 227 MA p. 227 208