The Cost Of College Tuition - 1541 Words

The cost of college tuition is increasing exponentially ever year. Students have to pay for a number of things besides the tuition for inference books, dorms, fees, tutor, etc on top of their everyday living expenses. At this rate college tuition will be far beyond the reach for the average person. The inflation raises numerous of questions. If the recession is not getting better why do schools continue to increase tuition? What can be done so that the college tuition won’t be so far out of reach that the average person won’t get no higher education than a high school diploma. In 1971 college tuition in Harvard increased for a second year in a row from $200-2,600 for the very first time in twenty-one years, which all the while was 13†¦show more content†¦If one applies for financial aid than that is wonderful because its free money, but one would have to qualify and one of the qualifications is low income. For those people who are not low income but still aren’t in a state in which they have wealth turn to loans. People apply for loans to help pay for their tuition, books, dorm, etc. and end up having to pay $30,000.00 in student loans after they graduate from college. If the tuition proceeds to increase than people will continue to borrow more and more money in which they’ll be paying off for the rest of their life. People are going into debt because their monthly student loan payment is too much and they are not making enough to pay it off. LA Times did an article which featured a man who have a wife and two children and owe $158,0 00.00 in student loans. The Man doesn’t have a nice enough job to pay off his loans and provide for his family. In the same article LA Times claimed that the amount of student loans expanded 76% or rather 1.2 trillion since 2009. According to the institute for college access and success site there was a two present growth rate from 2012 to 2013 from the graduates who were in debt after going to public and nonprofit colleges. Also 7 out 10 graduates from public and nonprofit colleges in 2013 ended up being in debt because of student loans. According to the presented site above New Hampshire’s average debt is $32,795 and state wide ranks #1 with a portion debt of 76%. If the

Reasons For St Augustine s Conversion - 2016 Words

Thesis This paper will explore the factors leading to Saint Augustine’s conversion. This conversion was believed to be the result of an ultimate battle of sexual desire with spirit. St Augustine Biography Info Augustine of Hippo was born on November 13, in AD 354, in Thagaste (modern day Souk Ahras, Algeria), and died on August 28, in AD 430, in modern-day Annaba, Algeria (then known as Hippo Regius). It was in the latter city where he was named Bishop 35 years prior to his death. It is a challenge to encapsulate renowned personalities, and with St. Augustine, this task is even more difficult (Augustine of Hippo). A theologian and philosopher, Augustine dithered between an earlier, positive Hellenistic outlook, and a pessimistic Christian outlook later on in his life. Shifting from one extreme to another, Augustine accommodated several diverse disciplines and philosophies into his comprehensive yearning to understand a world which seemed so beset with loss, trouble and discord, in theory as well as practice. Therefore, one of Augustine’s most admired traits, and inventive elements of his written documents, is that he could connect diverging characteristics of the four Hellenistic schools of philosophy (Platonists, Epicureans, Skeptics, and Stoics) with various Christian ideological doctrines. Between Skeptic influences in Rome’s New Academy to the influence of Ambrose, The Bishop of Milan, Augustine was drifting swiftly away from Manichaeism, to the onset of his grandShow MoreRelatedSt Augustine Confessions Analysis1516 Words   |  7 PagesIn St. Augustine’s Confessions, the tension between knowledge of God and the habitual life, and by extension the struggle between continence and incontinence, are central to St. Augustine’s evolution as a faithful servant of God. These tensions are evident in several episodes of weeping throughout the text, as the true reason for his weeping stems from a disruption in the habitual life or from his inability to change his habits. St. Augustine’s weeping as a youth over the death of Dido, his weepingRead MoreAugustine : A Journey Of Conversion1043 Words   |  5 PagesCaroline Casey Dr. Butera Development of Western Civilization 2 December 2014 Augustine: A Journey of Conversion Before submitting himself to God, Augustine lived a life controlled by various sinful tendencies such as theft and lust. Surrounded by strong believers of Catholicism, such as his mother, St. Monica, Augustine grew up questioning Christ and the faith and rather explored other religions. Two religions that Augustine devoted himself to were Manichaeism and Neoplatonism. While both religionsRead MoreTFF: True Friends Forever: Childhood Friend vs. Nebridius Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking, many philosophers, including Augustine, grapple with the concept and fulfillment of true friendship. Augustine writes of the meaning of true friendship in The Confessions, while also writing of his friendships throughout his life, using his own guidelines of what true friendship entails a revolution of his friendships can be seen alongside his transformation toward God that The Confessions is well known to showcase. In The Confessions, Augustine defines what true friendship is with theRead MoreThe Roman Empire1469 Words   |  6 Pages when they had their last meal, which is called the free banquet, they celebrated not a banquet but rather a love feast[early Christian practice based on Last Supper of Christ]. They spoke to the mob with the same steadfastness, warned them of God s judgement, stressing the joy they would have in their suffering, and ridiculing the curiosity of those that came to see them...The day of their victory dawned, and they marched from the prison to the amphitheatre joyfully as though they were going toRead MoreMedieval Vs. Medieval Era1506 Words   |  7 Pagesthis with saints such as Patrick, Brigit, and Columbanus, who spread new ideas of Christianity, such as private penance, throughout Europe. St. Columba was known as the â€Å"Apostle to Scotland†, for his mass conversion of the Picts. He built a center on the island of Iona, from which missionaries went out to England. Most of England was converted by St. Augustine, on the command of Pope Gregory the Great, and the Anglo-Saxons enjoyed a Golden Age under Archbishop Theodore. Gaul had been convertedRead MoreThe And Germanic Comitatus : Social Models Of The Early Middle Ages1275 Words   |  6 Pagesis an agreement between a warrior and his lord, where the warrior promises military service in exchange for economic and legal protection. According to Tacitus, â€Å"the height of loyalty† is â€Å"to defend, to protect† their chieftain and â€Å"to ascribe one s own brave deeds to his renown.† It is considered an â€Å"infamy and a reproach† to survive your lord on the battlefield. The comitatus and monastic life both played an important role in history. Without monasteries, most of the classic literature of todayRead More`` Pax Romana `` A Time Of The Great Civilizations Of Our Past1226 Words   |  5 Pages when they had their last meal, which is called the free banquet, they celebrated not a banquet but rather a love feast[early Christian practice based on Last Supper of Christ]. They spoke to the mob with the same steadfastness, warned them of God s judgement, stressing the joy they would have in their suffering, and ridiculing the curiosity of those that came to see them...The day of their victory dawned, and they marched from the prison to the amphitheatre joyfully as though they were going toRead MoreHow Religion Has Changed My Life And The Lives Of My Family Members2174 Words   |  9 Pagesparish in Solon. The building was dedicated in 1882 and dubbed â€Å"St. Mary’s Catholic Church† (History of St. Mary’s Church). 68 years later Harry Kral and Bernice Nearad decided to be married in St. Mary’s church. They were Solon high school sweethearts and they had both been a parishioner at St. Mary’s their entire lives. They were married and had four children, all of whom were baptized, received Holy Communion and Confirmation at St. Mary’s. One of those children was my dad, Jeff. He was an altarRead MoreGregory s Influence On The Roman Empire2494 Words   |  10 Pagesbecame welcome at court. After 600, relations between Lombard and Roman Italy improved greatly. Friendship and patronage had thus accomplished what military strategy and imperial policies could not. Caesaropapism and response to Eccumenical Gregory s unprecedented political dealings underscored the tension between Rome and the East at that time: Gregory felt that he was part of a Christian empire, a â€Å"holy commonwealth† headed by the Byzantine emperor. He also believed the emperor should have ideallyRead MoreSt.Jerome Essay4572 Words   |  19 Pagesto God. He seems to have abstained for a considerable time from the study of the classics and to have plunged deeply into that of the  Bible, under the impulse of  Apollinaris of Laodicea, then teaching in  Antioch  and not yet suspected of  heresy. St. Jerome reading in the countryside, byGiovanni Bellini Seized with a desire for a life of  ascetic  penance, he went for a time to the desert of  Chalcis, to the southwest of  Antioch, known as the  SyrianThebaid, from the number of hermits inhabiting it

How to Manage Invasive Insects in Firewood

Nothings nicer on a cold winter day than sitting in front of a roaring wood fire in the fireplace. When you bring that firewood indoors, you might be bringing bugs indoors, too. Heres what you need to know about insects in firewood and how to keep them from coming inside. What Kinds of Insects Live in Firewood? Firewood often houses beetles, both under the bark and inside the wood. When firewood contains beetle larvae, adults may emerge as long as two years after the wood was cut. Longhorned beetle larvae usually live under the bark, in irregular tunnels. Boring beetle larvae make winding tunnels loaded with sawdust-like frass. Bark and ambrosia beetles typically infest freshly cut wood. Dry firewood may attract carpenter bees, which nest in the wood. Horntail wasps lay their eggs in wood, where the larvae develop. Sometimes adult horntail wasps emerge from firewood when its brought indoors. You dont need to worry about them stinging or damaging your home, should one surprise you. If firewood is still damp or stored in contact with the ground, it may attract a number of other insects. Carpenter ants and termites, both social insects, may make their homes in a pile of firewood. Critters that migrate into the wood from the ground include sowbugs, millipedes, centipedes, pillbugs, springtails, and bark lice. Can These Insects Damage My Home? Few insects that live in firewood will cause damage to your home. The structural lumber in your homes walls is much too dry to sustain them. As long as you dont store firewood inside your home, you shouldnt worry about insects from firewood infesting your house. Avoid keeping firewood in a damp garage or basement, where structural wood might have enough moisture to attract some insects. If insects do come indoors with the wood, just use a vacuum to remove them. Do be careful about where you store your wood outdoors. If you place stacks of firewood right up against your house, you are asking for termite trouble. Also, be aware that if the firewood contains beetle larvae or adults, the beetles may emerge and head for the nearest trees—the ones in your yard. How to Keep (Most) Bugs out of Your Firewood The best thing you can do to avoid insect infestations in your firewood is to dry it quickly. The drier the wood, the less hospitable it is to most insects. Proper storage of firewood is key. Try to avoid harvesting wood when insects are most active, from April to October. By cutting down trees in winter months, you will lessen the risk of bringing home infested logs. Fresh cut logs invite insects to move in, so remove the wood from the forest as soon as possible. Cut wood into smaller logs before storing it. The more surfaces exposed to the air, the quicker the wood will cure. Firewood should be covered to keep out moisture. Ideally, wood should be raised off the ground, too. Keep some air space under the cover and under the pile to allow airflow and quicker drying. Never treat firewood with pesticides. The more common firewood insects, beetles, typically bore into the wood and wont be affected by surface treatments anyway. Burning logs that have been sprayed with chemicals is a health hazard and could expose you to toxic fumes. Stop the Spread of Invasive Insects Invasive insects, such as the Asian longhorned beetle and the emerald ash borer, can be transported to new areas in firewood. These pests threaten our native trees, and every precaution should be taken to contain them.   Always obtain your firewood locally. Firewood from other areas could harbor these invasive pests ​and has the potential to create a new infestation where you live or camp. Most experts recommend that no firewood be moved more than 50 miles from its origin. If you are planning a camping trip away from home, dont bring your own firewood with you. Purchase wood from a local source near the camping area.

Calvin Klein Essay - 1410 Words

Neera Bann Professor Hamilton FSHD 1311 October, 7th 2012 Calvin Klein An American Designer By Neera Bann Calvin Richard Klein was born and raised in New York Citys borough of the Bronx. He decided he wanted to be a fashion designer at an early age, most probably as a result of the influence of his grandmother. Leo and Flora Klein were his parents. They both worked in the grocery business. Flora’s mother, Molly Stern was an accomplished seamstress. She operated a notions shop and tailoring business where Calvin spent a lot of time as a child. (Marsh) Calvin attended P.S 80, a public school that a lot of other famous people attended including Penny and Gary Marshall and Ralph Lauren. (Marsh) At P.S 80 he excelled in art†¦show more content†¦(Gaines) Kleins design philosophy is rooted in minimalism. This is what he is known for. He typically uses neutral colors or earth tones and designs separates that work in many different ensembles, from day to night and season to season. At the same time his advertising for jeans and fragrances was being criticized, Calvin Klein clothing was receiving critical acclaim for its clean, modern lines. (Gaines) Time magazine named Klein one of the twenty-five most influential Americans in 1996. Klein won the prestigious Coty Award three times in a row (1973–1975), becoming the youngest designer to ever have that honor. In 1982, 1983, and 1986 he also captured the Council of Fashion Designers of America Award. In addition Klein built a financially strong company with the continued advice and help of partner Barry Schwartz, who guided the company through tough financial times in the late 1980s. Few designers have rivaled his worldwide empire. (Gaines) In late 2002, Calvin Klein, Inc. caught the eye of Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation (PVH), a company looking to acquire a major brand. As the largest shirt maker in the United States, PVH owned the Van Heusen, IZOD, and G.H Bass brands and had licensing agreements with Geoffrey Beene, Arrow, DKNY, and Kenneth Cole. Under the leadership of CEO Bruce Klatsky, PVH made a play for Calvin Klein and eventually won the battle. Under the terms of the deal, KleinShow MoreRelatedCalvin Klein1056 Words   |  5 PagesCalvin Klein Assignment When people think of Calvin Klein majority will probably have an automatic image of a half-naked chiseled male model with his jeans unbuttoned. This â€Å"natural response,† so to speak, is due to CK’s great effort in connecting sex appeal with its product. CK took a bold, marketing chance with sex appeal and benefited from selling it to the point of controversy. To market sex appeal to customers, who are mainly in their prime time such as 20-40 year-olds, CK had to understandRead MoreThe Work Of The Calvin Klein Company2470 Words   |  10 PagesThe Calvin Klein company has been trapped into a crisis in 2015 after the Annual Academy Award ceremony because of a stolen dress full of fake pearls it designed. The public felt betrayed by the organization because they have been noticed that the pearls were precious and priceless from the previous news. This crisis largely influences the organization’s reputation in a negative way in the next few days. In this cas e, the TMZ company plays an essential role in this crisis as a primary stakeholderRead More A Look into Calvin Klein’s Advertisements Essays525 Words   |  3 PagesLook into Calvin Klein’s Advertisements As a seductive young man looks into a camera a raspy voice, off camera, whispers, â€Å"You got a real nice look. How old are you? Are you strong? You think you could rip that shirt off? That’s a real nice body. You work out? I can tell.† No, it’s not straight out of a steamy romance novel, though it could be. This is just one example of how provocative Calvin Klein’s advertisements have been. Although the ads boosted sales for the Calvin Klein empireRead MoreCk vs Warnaco Essay752 Words   |  4 PagesAlexa Tondi Professor Trachtenberg FM324 Section 75A 17 November 2011 Case Study Assignment: Calvin Klein vs. Warnaco Group Inc. On May 30, 2000 The Calvin Klein family filed a lawsuit against Warnaco Group Inc for eighteen counts of trademark infringement, trademark dilution and intentional misrepresentation. Nearly a month later Warnaco answered with a counter suit, denying the major allegations and justifying the dilution to falling within the scope of the two parities licensing agreementRead MoreCalvin Klein IMC Plan Essay6659 Words   |  27 Pagesselling 16-19 Campaign Evaluation 19 Conclusion 19 â€Æ' Executive Summary Calvin Klein Inc. formed in 1968 is typically associated with high quality apparel and intimate wear at a premium price, boasting strong brand equity and an extensive and global loyal consumer base. In 2003, CK was purchased by Philliphs-Van Heusen Corp (PVH), which now controls its operations. Calvin Klein has over time diversified into various business avenues, exploring the fragrances and sunglassesRead MoreMarketing Ethics Assignment : Calvin Klein1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthe famous clothing line Calvin Klein. Calvin Klein is well known to have a fashion line of high quality clothes for men and women. The reason why I think his practice is unethical is because they are using sexually act and messages in ads to promote their brand of clothes. According to Armstrong, Kotler, â€Å"marketing system uses cultural pollution in commercials to interrupt people s minds with messages of materialism, sex, power, or status.†(2017, Pg. 498) Calvin Klein has tried to sell their cloth ingRead MoreCalvin Klein And Its Brand s Prestige And Image1869 Words   |  8 PagesCalvin Klein is one of the best-known designer names in the world; it offers a modern, provocative design aesthetic. Some of the Calvin Klein brands include: Calvin Klein Collection, platinum label, white label, Calvin Klein Jeans and Calvin Klein Underwear. These brands provide an opportunity to market products both domestically and internationally at various price points, through multiple distribution channels and to different consumer groups. Calvin Klein offers products such as fragrances, womenRead MoreThe Advertisements For Gucci s Perfume And Calvin Klein1526 Words   |  7 Pageshave a perfect body shape with beautiful facial features to be considered as attractive. Nowadays, the advertisements are taking advantage of such a social norm to lure consumers to purchase their goods. The advertisements for Gucci’s perfume and Calvin Klein’s cologne are especially good examples to demonstrate such pressure and reflect the consumers’ psychological behavior. The advertisements highlight gender stereotypes through utilizing the impression of opposite sex and incorporate an underlyingRead MoreEssay on Consumerism in a Sexual Economy1196 Words   |  5 Pagesan era of advertising whose mottos are â€Å"shock and awe† and â€Å"sex sells.† Calvin Klein’s ad campaigns offer an invaluable example demonstrating the transition into this new era of advertising. In the early 1980’s Calvin Klein was a growing corporation that had been around for over a decade. With the ever growing market of fashion, Calvin Klein has been known for provocative advertising. However risquà © Calvin Klein ads were in the past, his ads today in the 21st century continue to push boundariesRead MoreAdvertisements Are Reflective Of Culture1391 Words   |  6 Pagesinformatively states â€Å"[the] intent of all advertising is to persuade specific audiences† (Hirschberg, p. 291). In the Spring 2017 Calvin Klein advertisement, the company uses the Aristotelian elements â€Å"pathos,† â€Å"logos,† and â€Å"ethos,† and rhetorical strategies by Stuart Hirschberg and William Lutz to drive to now only buy their clothing, but that the purchase of Calvin Klein clothes will lead to a happier life. In the clothing giant’s advertisement there is a couple, a man and a women standing on the

Similarities Between Islam And Buddhism - 1231 Words

Islam and Buddhism In this paper the purpose is to take two religions, to find similarities and differences between the two. The two world religions chosen are Islam and Buddhism, to someone just considering religions, they could be confused, at the surface they could think, that these two religions are so different that one could not find any substantial, and meaningful similarities. Well that thought is a very insider’s view on the facts and histories of religion. as there are differences in each religion which is what makes them unique, there are also similarities which are fascinating and which I intend on explaining for the rest of the length of this paper. In the Buddhism and Islamic tradition, they both speak of a man of significance. For Buddhism, it’s the Buddha, the founder of the Buddhist way of life, their eternal teacher for some he is called, the man who carved the path for all. For the Islamic people, they have Muhammed, considered to most in Islamic tradition to be a proph et a messenger sent from god. In the Islamic culture, it is said that ‘no one could ever succeed Muhammad in his nature and quality as a prophet. (partridge 397) These two men, in the very broad sense of the word each taught the path that individuals should take to achieve the goal, and by that made their legacy as some might say as the founders of their religion. For some Buddhist that goal is the eight-fold path or the way to liberation, this path can often be substituted for just aShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Buddhism And Islamic Religion1272 Words   |  6 Pagesanother, if even in the smallest ways. Buddhism and Islam are religions that demonstrate similarities in ethical standards artistic works despite they emerged 1000 years apart. Buddhism and Islamic artwork expresses similar feelings on icons placed on art, yet these religions have different reasons why. The spread of Buddhism and Islamic religion once illustrated similarities in their artwork however; they began to branch off showing differences. Buddhism is a religion that worships more than oneRead MoreThe Religion Of Islam And Islam1544 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"America and Islam are not exclusive and need not to be in competition. Instead, they overlap, and share common principles of justice and progress, tolerance and the dignity of all human beings† (Barack Obama). For many decades, in most cultures, religious practice has been a controversial issue, because each religion competes demonstrating that their practices are the true path to God. Religious tolerance is very important because followers should be free to choose their own religion. Some religionsRead MoreThe Religion Of The Hajj1734 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout time, many aspects of life have changed in drastic ways. One common thing around the world, no matter where you are, that has evolved is over time is religion. One religion that has changed has been Islam. Something that unites all Muslims is a common belief they have; The Five Pillars. These Pillars allow the Muslim community to become one regardless of their social statue. One of the most changed of these would be the Pilgrimage to Mecca. Also known as the Hajj, â€Å" Every adult MuslimRead MoreThe Fundamental Principles Of Buddhism And Islam1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe following paper is going to discuss and describe the fundamental principles of Buddhism and Islam, consider the common and distinctive attributes and outline their influence and presence in modern Asia. The notion of religion is the fundamental foundation, and later the central body, for all past, present and future societies and cultures. The majority of the world’s population fabricates the ir own unique identity through the values and morals of the religion with which they follow. The presentRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1409 Words   |  6 Pages Christianity and Islam were both spread in socially and economically similar and politically different. They both had an important people that role and spread of the religions. Christianity included the individuals of who believe in Jesus Christ. Christians are the flowers of the Christ who often believed is the son of the God (â€Å"the father†); Christians strongly believe that Christ will return after the next life; the end of the world. Islam consists of individuals who believe in Allah, the godRead More Religion in India Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pagespoint in time. With India being one of the top three countries populations wise, there are bound to be clashes within itself. India has had its share of different religions affecting its structure, but the three main religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. All three of these religions have evolved drastically and have left a lasting mark on where India stands right now. Hinduism is one of the oldest religions in the world. The history of Hinduism extends over centuries, and the lack of earlyRead MoreThe Clash of Secular Thought and Religion1647 Words   |  7 Pagesclash between secular thought and religion since its formation of societies in the classical age. Both have made an equal effect on the culture of each empire by influencing people to change their belief on the world. Major religions have made interactions, which affected some of their ideas for what they have become now. The major religions during the classical age are Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Jainism, Daoism, and Zoroastrianism. These religions also have similarities andRead MoreThe Spread and Localization of Buddhism and Islam into Southeast Asia1659 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst began through contact with neighbouring countries which gradually expand throughout the years. Buddhism and Islam are one of the most widespread religions across Southeast Asian countri es like Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. Trade merchants and imperial support of the religion were major factors in the facilitation and localization of the spread of Buddhism and Islam within Southeast Asia. However, there were also limitations presented which hindered the developmentRead MoreChristianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Judaism1644 Words   |  7 Pages The following religions Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism are among the top religions when evaluating the number of followers they encompass worldwide (Henderson, 2005, p.1). Through assessing these major belief systems and their views, diversity between them is apparent. These multiplicities range from Hindus who acknowledge multitudes of gods to Muslims who believe in one God, Allah. Although the variety of beliefs and practices exist their remains some central concepts suchRead MoreChristianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, And Confucianism1472 Words   |  6 Pagesyou look at it in the right fashion†, to â€Å"exactly alike†. In any case, there are many examples, and counterexamples of universal ideas between the â€Å"main† seven religions: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism, which will be explored in the remainder of this essay. Arguments could be made on how all religions share a similarity. For example, all religions were persecuted by outsiders at some point. Perhaps the most dramatic example of this was the mass genocide

Character Analysis Of Willy Lomans Death Of A Salesman

Death of a Salesman This drama is very interesting because I have never read a whole play before, so it was difficult to understand certain point of views throughout the story. The character Willy Loman came across as a strong, but loving in his own way kind of man. Understanding his life story will give you a reason for his antics. His relationships with everyone and the way that he reacts to things that upset him. Changes that are happening that cannot be controlled, make his life difficult. In every life there are ups and downs, some people just make better choices to make them easier. Willy Loman has his own way of thinking because he only wants things done the right way. Willy Loman is a man who strives for great things for him and†¦show more content†¦Stern, but loving, he would treat them like the future of his continued legacy. Willy had a strong bond with his boys, but his oldest son, Biff, in the spot light. When I look at the character Biff, I can really see the mannerisms of his father. He is his own man, who strives to do great things, but sometimes things do not always go right. BIFF: Well I spent six years after high school trying to work myself up. Shipping clerk, salesman, business of one kind or another. And it’s a measly manner of existence. To get on that subway on the hot mornings in summer. To devote your whole life to keeping stock, or making phone calls, or selling or buying. To suffer fifty weeks of the year for the sake of a two-week vacation, when all you really desire is to be outdoors, with your shirt off. And always to have to get ahead of the next fella. And still—that’s how you build a future (969). The way they handled it was similar as well. Happy is Willy and Linda’s second son. Willy treated Happy just as good as Biff, but did not really single his accomplishments out. He would always tell Happy to do things like Biff. It did not seem to bother Happy to much though, not even when he got older, but he did end up being a well-off man. Chasing women and living the bachelor life, he never really set down any roots. The big secret between Biff and his father was something that I was not expecting. The great man that he saw his whole life was noShow MoreRelatedEssay about The American Dream in Death of a Salesman1371 Words   |  6 PagesArthur Miller’s ‘Death of a Salesman’ is an examination of American life and consumerism. It relates the story of a common man who portrays this lifestyle. Other issues explored in the play include: materialism, procrastination and alienation. The play was set in 1948, in a time where The American Dream was highly regarded, despite the Depression. The American Dream was a belief that emerged in the later half of the nineteenth century, that if you work hard you will achieve success and prosperityRead MoreComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson 1403 Words   |  6 PagesFences written by August Wilson and Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller are two plays that could be considered very different in te rms of their plot. The plots of both plays contain two very different cultural backgrounds which affects each protagonist differently. If the reader or audience looks past the plot into the theme and symbolisms used they can see that the plays are more similar than they are different. In spite of the different cultural backgrounds of each protagonist they bothRead MoreWilly from Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller: Abandoned and Flawed798 Words   |  4 Pages The dramatic play Death of a Salesman, composed by Arthur Miller in 1949 portrays the hours leading up to Willy Loman’s death. Willy is a sixty-year-old salesman living in Brooklyn New York with his wife Linda and after thirty-five years working as a traveling salesman he feels defeated by his lack of success and difficult family life. As a salesman, Willy Loman focuses more on personality and being well liked by everyone than actual skills. When he returns early from a business trip it is apparentRead More Death of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man1046 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man In Tragedy and the Common Man, Arthur Miller discusses his definition and criteria for tragedy as they apply to the common man. The criteria and standards proposed by Miller may be used to evaluate his timeless work, Death of A Salesman. The first major standard of tragedy set forth is:   â€Å"...if the exaltation of tragic action were truly a property of the high-bred character alone, it is inconceivable thatRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By F. Scott Fitzgerald1515 Words   |  7 Pagesat the past or present—instead of looking forward to the future. John Fitzgerald Kennedy once said, â€Å"Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.† In the play Death of Salesman by Arthur Miller, the protagonist Willy Loman is depicted as a man who has failed in life; he spent most of his life reminiscing the past. This affected his life greatly, especially his relationship with his son, Biff Loman. Nevertheless, in the novel, The GreatRead MoreWilly Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1218 Words   |  5 PagesWilly Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Should Willy Loman of Arthur Millers classic, Death of a Salesman be regarded as a tragic hero, or merely a working-class, socially inadequate failure? Described by Miller as a self-destructive, insecure anti-hero, it seems almost impossible for Loman to be what is known as a tragic hero in the classical sense, but with the inclusion of other factors he maybe a tragic hero, at least in the modernRead More Modern Tragic Hero Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pages Death of a Salesman, considered as Author Millers most accomplished and successful plays, features the life of Willy Loman, a delusional salesman with a grandiose plan to live the American dream. As a result to the tragic events of Willy Loman’s life starting with his father’s abandonment, and ending with his suicide, Willy Loman never lives the life he has always dreamed. Although, arguably discredited as a tragic hero, Willy Loman attains the qualities essential to credit him as a tragic heroRead MoreAmerican Dream Derailed in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman1486 Words   |  6 Pageswork play a very large role in the pursuit of â€Å"the dream†. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, and Arthur Miller’s drama, Death of a Salesman, both protagonists, Jay Gatsby and Willy Loman, are convinced that the way to achieve a better life is by living the â€Å"Ameri can dream†. However, the dream does not end up successfully for these two characters. In fact, their ideals and hopes of rising to success cause their American dream to take a turn into a nightmare. Although it may seemRead MoreFailure Of The American Dream In The Writings Of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zora Neale Hurston, And August Wilson1418 Words   |  6 PagesJay Gatsby s rise to fame in the 1920s defines the failure of financial success as part of the American Dream. Gatsby will eventually die due to his excessive greed, which is not unlike the emotional death of Willy Loman as he fails to become a successful salesman in Author Miller’s Death of a Salesman. More so, Hurston’s depiction of Nanny’s own failures in life by using her granddaughter, Janie, as vehicle for her own financial success. Nanny fails by forcing Janie into marriages with abusive menRead MoreDeath of a Salesman1332 Words   |  5 Pages As the play’s titular character in Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman is viewed by many as the definitive modern tragic hero of modern literature. He is a man struggling to gain upward mobility in a society designed to keep him in the trenches. The c lassic idea of a tragic hero is an important person who falls from a lofty seat in life. Willy, however, is just a common man trying to get to a place he can fall from. According to Arthur Miller, a tragic hero need not be a king or anyone of high rank

The Amber Spyglass Chapter 6 Preemptive Absolution Free Essays

string(35) " his notes and left the courtroom\." â€Å"Now, Fra Pavel,† said the Inquirer of the Consistorial Court of Discipline, â€Å"I want you to recall exactly, if you can, the words you heard the witch speak on the ship.† The twelve members of the Court looked through the dim afternoon light at the cleric on the stand, their last witness. He was a scholarly-looking priest whose daemon had the form of a frog. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amber Spyglass Chapter 6 Preemptive Absolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Court had been hearing evidence in this case for eight days already, in the ancient high-towered College of St. Jerome. â€Å"I cannot call the witch’s words exactly to mind,† said Fra Pavel wearily. â€Å"I had not seen torture before, as I said to the Court yesterday, and I found it made me feel faint and sick. So exactly what she said I cannot tell you, but I remember the meaning of it. The witch said that the child Lyra had been recognized by the clans of the north as the subject of a prophecy they had long known. She was to have the power to make a fateful choice, on which the future of all the worlds depended. And furthermore, there was a name that would bring to mind a parallel case, and which would make the Church hate and fear her.† â€Å"And did the witch reveal that name?† â€Å"No. Before she could utter it, another witch, who had been present under a spell of invisibility, managed to kill her and escape.† â€Å"So on that occasion, the woman Coulter will not have heard the name?† â€Å"That is so.† â€Å"And shortly afterwards Mrs. Coulter left?† â€Å"Indeed.† â€Å"What did you discover after that?† â€Å"I learned that the child had gone into that other world opened by Lord Asriel, and that there she has acquired the help of a boy who owns, or has got the use of, a knife of extraordinary powers,† said Fra Pavel. Then he cleared his throat nervously and went on: â€Å"I may speak entirely freely in this court?† â€Å"With perfect freedom, Fra Pavel,† came the harsh, clear tones of the President. â€Å"You will not be punished for telling us what you in turn have been told. Please continue.† Reassured, the cleric went on: â€Å"The knife in the possession of this boy is able to make openings between worlds. Furthermore, it has a power greater than that – please, once again, I am afraid of what I am saying†¦ It is capable of killing the most high angels, and what is higher than them. There is nothing this knife cannot destroy.† He was sweating and trembling, and his frog daemon fell from the edge of the witness stand to the floor in her agitation. Fra Pavel gasped in pain and scooped her up swiftly, letting her sip at the water in the glass in front of him. â€Å"And did you ask further about the girl?† said the Inquirer. â€Å"Did you discover this name the witch spoke of?† â€Å"Yes, I did. Once again I crave the assurance of the court that – â€Å" â€Å"You have it,† snapped the President. â€Å"Don’t be afraid. You are not a heretic. Report what you have learned, and waste no more time.† â€Å"I beg your pardon, truly. The child, then, is in the position of Eve, the wife of Adam, the mother of us all, and the cause of all sin.† The stenographers taking down every word were nuns of the order of St. Philomel, sworn to silence; but at Fra Pavel’s words there came a smothered gasp from one of them, and there was a flurry of hands as they crossed themselves. Fra Pavel twitched, and went on: â€Å"Please, remember – the alethiometer does not forecast ; it says, ‘If certain things come about, then the consequences will be†¦,’ and so on. And it says that if it comes about that the child is tempted, as Eve was, then she is likely to fall. On the outcome will depend†¦ everything. And if this temptation does take place, and if the child gives in, then Dust and sin will triumph.† There was silence in the courtroom. The pale sunlight that filtered in through the great leaded windows held in its slanted beams a million golden motes, but these were dust, not Dust – though more than one of the members of the Court had seen in them an image of that other invisible Dust that settled over every human being, no matter how dutifully they kept the laws. â€Å"Finally, Fra Pavel,† said the Inquirer, â€Å"tell us what you know of the child’s present whereabouts.† â€Å"She is in the hands of Mrs. Coulter,† said Fra Pavel. â€Å"And they are in the Himalaya. So far, that is all I have been able to tell. I shall go at once and ask for a more precise location, and as soon as I have it, I shall tell the Court; but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stopped, shrinking in fear, and held the glass to his lips with a trembling hand. â€Å"Yes, Fra Pavel?† said Father MacPhail. â€Å"Hold nothing back.† â€Å"I believe, Father President, that the Society of the Work of the Holy Spirit knows more about this than I do.† Fra Pavel’s voice was so faint it was almost a whisper. â€Å"Is that so?† said the President, his eyes seeming to radiate his passion as they glared. Fra Pavel’s daemon uttered a little frog whimper. The cleric knew about the rivalry between the different branches of the Magisterium, and knew that to get caught in the cross fire between them would be very dangerous; but to hold back what he knew would be more dangerous still. â€Å"I believe,† he went on, trembling, â€Å"that they are much closer to finding out exactly where the child is. They have other sources of knowledge forbidden to me.† â€Å"Quite so,† said the Inquirer. â€Å"And did the alethiometer tell you about this?† â€Å"Yes, it did.† â€Å"Very well. Fra Pavel, you would do well to continue that line of investigation. Whatever you need in the way of clerical or secretarial help is yours to command. Please stand down.† Fra Pavel bowed, and with his frog daemon on his shoulder, he gathered his notes and left the courtroom. You read "The Amber Spyglass Chapter 6 Preemptive Absolution" in category "Essay examples" The nuns flexed their fingers. Father MacPhail tapped a pencil on the oak bench in front of him. â€Å"Sister Agnes, Sister Monica,† he said, â€Å"you may leave us now. Please have the transcription on my desk by the end of the day.† The two nuns bowed their heads and left. â€Å"Gentlemen,† said the President, for that was the mode of address in the Consistorial Court, â€Å"let’s adjourn.† The twelve members, from the oldest (Father Makepwe, ancient and rheumy-eyed) to the youngest (Father Gomez, pale and trembling with zealotry), gathered their notes and followed the President through to the council chamber, where they could face one another across a table and talk in the utmost privacy. The current President of the Consistorial Court was a Scot called Hugh MacPhail. He had been elected young. Presidents served for life, and he was only in his forties, so it was to be expected that Father MacPhail would mold the destiny of the Consistorial Court, and thus of the whole Church, for many years to come. He was a dark-featured man, tall and imposing, with a shock of wiry gray hair, and he would have been fat were it not for the brutal discipline he imposed on his body: he drank only water and ate only bread and fruit, and he exercised for an hour daily under the supervision of a trainer of champion athletes. As a result, he was gaunt and lined and restless. His daemon was a lizard. Once they were seated, Father MacPhail said: â€Å"This, then, is the state of things. There seem to be several points to bear in mind. â€Å"Firstly, Lord Asriel. A witch friendly to the Church reports that he is assembling a great army, including forces that may be angelic. His intentions, as far as the witch knows, are malevolent toward the Church, and toward the Authority himself. â€Å"Secondly, the Oblation Board. Their actions in setting up the research program at Bolvangar, and in funding Mrs. Coulter’s activities, suggest that they are hoping to replace the Consistorial Court of Discipline as the most powerful and effective arm of the Holy Church. We have been outpaced, gentlemen. They have acted ruthlessly and skillfully. We should be chastised for our laxity in letting it happen. I shall return to what we might do about it shortly. â€Å"Thirdly, the boy in Fra Pavel’s testimony, with the knife that can do these extraordinary things. Clearly we must find him and gain possession of it as soon as possible. â€Å"Fourthly, Dust. I have taken steps to find out what the Oblation Board has discovered about it. One of the experimental theologians working at Bolvangar has been persuaded to tell us what exactly they discovered. I shall talk to him this afternoon downstairs.† One or two of the priests shifted uncomfortably, for â€Å"downstairs† meant the cellars below the building: white-tiled rooms with points for anbaric current, soundproofed and well-drained. â€Å"Whatever we do learn about Dust, though,† the President went on, â€Å"we must bear our purpose firmly in mind. The Oblation Board sought to understand the effects of Dust; we must destroy it altogether. Nothing less than that. If in order to destroy Dust we also have to destroy the Oblation Board, the College of Bishops, every single agency by which the Holy Church does the work of the Authority – then so be it. It may be, gentlemen, that the Holy Church itself was brought into being to perform this very task and to perish in the doing of it. But better a world with no Church and no Dust than a world where every day we have to struggle under the hideous burden of sin. Better a world purged of all that!† Blazing-eyed, Father Gomez nodded passionately. â€Å"And finally,† said Father MacPhail, â€Å"the child. Still just a child, I think. This Eve, who is going to be tempted and who, if precedent is any guide, will fall, and whose fall will involve us all in ruin. Gentlemen, of all the ways of dealing with the problem she sets us, I am going to propose the most radical, and I have confidence in your agreement. â€Å"I propose to send a man to find her and kill her before she can be tempted.† â€Å"Father President,† said Father Gomez at once, â€Å"I have done preemptive penance every day of my adult life. I have studied, I have trained – â€Å" The President held up his hand. Preemptive penance and absolution were doctrines researched and developed by the Consistorial Court, but not known to the wider Church. They involved doing penance for a sin not yet committed, intense and fervent penance accompanied by scourging and flagellation, so as to build up, as it were, a store of credit. When the penance had reached the appropriate level for a particular sin, the penitent was granted absolution in advance, though he might never be called on to commit the sin. It was sometimes necessary to kill people, for example; and it was so much less troubling for the assassin if he could do so in a state of grace. â€Å"I had you in mind,† said Father MacPhail kindly. â€Å"I have the agreement of the Court? Yes. When Father Gomez leaves, with our blessing, he will be on his own, unable to be reached or recalled. Whatever happens to anyone else, he will make his way like the arrow of God, straight to the child, and strike her down. He will be invisible; he will come in the night, like the angel that blasted the Assyrians; he will be silent. How much better for us all if there had been a Father Gomez in the Garden of Eden! We would never have left paradise.† The young priest was nearly weeping with pride. The Court gave its blessing. And in the darkest corner of the ceiling, hidden among the dark oak beams, sat a man no larger than a hand span. His heels were armed with spurs, and he heard every word they said. In the cellars the man from Bolvangar, dressed only in a dirty white shirt and loose trousers with no belt, stood under the bare light bulb clutching the trousers with one hand and his rabbit daemon with the other. In front of him, in the only chair, sat Father MacPhail. â€Å"Dr. Cooper,† the President began, â€Å"do sit down.† There was no furniture except the chair, the wooden bunk, and a bucket. The President’s voice echoed unpleasantly off, the white tiles that lined the wall and ceiling. Dr. Cooper sat on the bunk. He could not take his eyes off the gaunt and gray-haired President. He licked his dry lips and waited to see what new discomfort was coming. â€Å"So you nearly succeeded in severing the child from her daemon?† said Father MacPhail. Dr. Cooper said shakily, â€Å"We considered that it would serve no purpose to wait, since the experiment was due to take place anyway, and we put the child in the experimental chamber, but then Mrs. Coulter herself intervened and took the child to her own quarters.† The rabbit daemon opened her round eyes and gazed fearfully at the President, and then shut them again and hid her face. â€Å"That must have been distressing,† said Father MacPhail. â€Å"The whole program was intensely difficult,† said Dr. Cooper, hastening to agree. â€Å"I am surprised you did not seek the aid of the Consistorial Court, where we have strong nerves.† â€Å"We – I – we understood that the program was licensed by†¦ It was an Oblation Board matter, but we were told it had the approval of the Consistorial Court of Discipline. We would never have taken part otherwise. Never!† â€Å"No, of course not. And now for another matter. Did you have any idea,† said Father MacPhail, turning to the real subject of his visit to the cellars, â€Å"of the subject of Lord Asriel’s researches? Of what might have been the source of the colossal energy he managed to release on Svalbard?† Dr. Cooper swallowed. In the intense silence a drop of sweat fell from his chin to the concrete floor, and both men heard it distinctly. â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he began, â€Å"there was one of our team who observed that in the process of severance there was a release of energy. Controlling it would involve enormous forces, but just as an atomic explosion is detonated by conventional explosives, this could be done by focusing a powerful anbaric current†¦ However, he wasn’t taken seriously. I paid no attention to his ideas,† he added earnestly, â€Å"knowing that without authority they might well be heretical.† â€Å"Very wise. And that colleague now? Where is he?† â€Å"He was one of those who died in the attack.† The President smiled. It was so kindly an expression that Dr. Cooper’s daemon shivered and swooned against his breast. â€Å"Courage, Dr. Cooper,† said Father MacPhail. â€Å"We need you to be strong and brave! There is great work to be done, a great battle to be fought. You must earn the forgiveness of the Authority by cooperating fully with us, by holding nothing back, not even wild speculation, not even gossip. Now I want you to devote all your attention to what you remember your colleague saying. Did he make any experiments? Did he leave any notes? Did he take anyone else into his confidence? What equipment was he using? Think of everything, Dr. Cooper. You’ll have pen and paper and all the time you need. â€Å"And this room is not very comfortable. We’ll have you moved to somewhere more suitable. Is there anything you need in the way of furnishing, for example? Do you prefer to write at a table or a desk? Would you like a typewriting machine? Perhaps you would rather dictate to a stenographer? â€Å"Let the guards know, and you shall have everything you need. But every moment, Dr. Cooper, I want you to think back to your colleague and his theory. Your great task is to recall, and if necessary to rediscover, what he knew. Once you know what instruments you require, you shall have those as well. It is a great task, Dr. Cooper! You are blessed to be entrusted with it! Give thanks to the Authority.† â€Å"I do, Father President! I do!† Grasping the loose waistband of his trousers, the philosopher stood up and bowed almost without realizing it, again and again, as the President of the Consistorial Court of Discipline left his cell. That evening the Chevalier Tialys, the Gallivespian spy, made his way through the lanes and alleys of Geneva to meet his colleague, the Lady Salmakia. It was a dangerous journey for both of them: dangerous for anyone or anything that challenged them, too, but certainly full of peril for the small Gallivespians. More than one prowling cat had met its death at their spurs, but only the week before, the Chevalier had nearly lost an arm to the teeth of a mangy dog; only the Lady’s swift action had saved him. They met at the seventh of their appointed meeting places, among the roots of a plane tree in a shabby little square, and exchanged their news. The Lady Salmakia’s contact in the Society had told her that earlier that evening they had received a friendly invitation from the President of the Consistorial Court to come and discuss matters of mutual interest. â€Å"Quick work,† said the Chevalier. â€Å"A hundred to one he doesn’t tell them about his assassin, though.† He told her about the plan to kill Lyra. She was not surprised. â€Å"It’s the logical thing to do,† she said. â€Å"Very logical people. Tialys, do you think we shall ever see this child?† â€Å"I don’t know, but I should like to. Go well, Salmakia. Tomorrow at the fountain.† Unsaid behind that brief exchange was the one thing they never spoke of: the shortness of their lives compared with those of humans. Gallivespians lived to nine years or ten, rarely more, and Tialys and Salmakia were both in their eighth year. They didn’t fear old age – their people died in the full strength and vigor of their prime, suddenly, and their childhoods were very brief – but compared with their lives, the life of a child like Lyra would extend as far into the future as the lives of the witches extended past Lyra’s own. The Chevalier returned to the College of St. Jerome and began to compose the message he would send to Lord Roke on the lodestone resonator. But while Tialys was at the rendezvous talking to Salmakia, the President sent for Father Gomez. In his study they prayed together for an hour, and then Father MacPhail granted the young priest the preemptive absolution that would make his murder of Lyra no murder at all. Father Gomez seemed transfigured; the certainty that ran through his veins seemed to make his very eyes incandescent. They discussed practical arrangements, money, and so forth; and then the President said, â€Å"Once you leave here, Father Gomez, you will be completely cut off, forever, from any help we can give. You can never come back; you will never hear from us. I can’t offer you any better advice than this: don’t look for the child. That would give you away. Instead, look for the tempter. Follow the tempter, and she will lead you to the child.† â€Å"She?† said Father Gomez, shocked. â€Å"Yes, she,† said Father MacPhail. â€Å"We have learned that much from the alethiometer. The world the tempter comes from is a strange one. You will see many things that will shock and startle you, Father Gomez. Don’t let yourself be distracted by their oddness from the sacred task you have to do. I have faith,† he added kindly, â€Å"in the power of your faith. This woman is traveling, guided by the powers of evil, to a place where she may, eventually, meet the child in time to tempt her. That is, of course, if we do not succeed in removing the girl from her present location. That remains our first plan. You, Father Gomez, are our ultimate guarantee that if that falls through, the infernal powers will still not prevail.† Father Gomez nodded. His daemon, a large and iridescent green-backed beetle, clicked her wing cases. The President opened a drawer and handed the young priest a folded packet of papers. â€Å"Here is all we know about the woman,† he said, â€Å"and the world she comes from, and the place she was last seen. Read it well, my dear Luis, and go with my blessing.† He had never used the priest’s given name before. Father Gomez felt tears of joy prick his eyes as he kissed the President farewell. you’re Lyra.† Then she realized what that meant. She felt dizzy, even in her dream; she felt a great burden settle on her shoulders. And to make it even heavier, sleep was closing in again, and Roger’s face was receding into shadow. â€Å"Well, I†¦ I know†¦There’s all kinds of people on our side, like Dr. Malone†¦ You know there’s another Oxford, Roger, just like ours. Well, she†¦ I found her in†¦She’d help†¦ But there’s only one person really who†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It was almost impossible now to see the little boy, and her thoughts were spreading out and wandering away like sheep in a field. â€Å"But we can trust him, Roger, I swear,† she said with a final effort, â€Å"because he’s Will.† How to cite The Amber Spyglass Chapter 6 Preemptive Absolution, Essay examples

Private Sector Participation in Maritime Industry Free Essays

string(128) " nation accounts for more than 60 percent of total seaborne traffic in volume and value for the entire West African sub-region\." CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the Study Today’s highly fierce and dynamic global economy requires nations of the world to thoroughly harness their human and natural resources so as to remain competitive within the scheme of things. The proper identification of available resources (both human and material), exploration, efficient utilization and proper maximization of such resources through competent modes are critical success factors in the quest for relevance in the new millennium. We will write a custom essay sample on Private Sector Participation in Maritime Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beside human population which readily provides seemingly cheap labour for effective productivity in a given space and time, other factors of production such as capital and land (water and coaster resources inclusive) represent veritable platforms for achieving national growth and socio-economic development. Nigeria, with an estimated population of over 140 million (NPC, 2000) and no doubt the most populous country in Africa, occupies a strategic location within the West and Central African sub-region. The country has a coastline of over 850km and four major port zones of Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar and Warri (NIMASA, 2008). This vantage position enables her easy access to the neighboring countries hence goods meant for other ports of the sub-region are being transshipped from Nigerian major seaports. Also, a larger part of goods meant for Nigeria’s land locked neighbors are being freighted through Nigerian seaports. Even historically, Nigerian coastal and riverine communities were engaged in shipping and fishing using dugout canoes. They were quite versed in the art of shipping to the extent that regattas and other traditional maritime rituals were developed. The importance of the maritime industry to Nigerian’s socio-economic wellbeing cannot be overemphasized as cargo throughput to and from Nigeria accounts for more than 65% of the total volume of cargo generated by the entire West African Sub-Region. The sector remains critical to the realization of the projections of the oil and gas sector, which accounted for 40 percent of the GDP, 90 percent of export as well as 80 percent of total government revenue in 2008 (Dosunmu, 2009). The industry is projected to provide well over 10,000 jobs for Nigerian on yearly basis including seafarers, terminal managers etc. Though Nigeria is richly endowed with great petroleum and maritime resources, the country has over the years not been able to tap these great potentials to the benefit of the people of the country. According to Abulsallam (2004), with an average daily crude oil production estimated at two million barrels per day at an average freight rate of $2. per barrel per day, Nigeria generates in excess of $5 million per day, most of which go to foreign operators and therefore spent outside the nation’s economy. Experience has further shown that over the years, before an investment decision is made, the prospective investor considers the regime of laws and efficiency of the courts in terms of resolving disputes, safety of such investments, return on investment, which is quite high and the availability of infrastructure. The rating by the International Mariti me Bureau (IMB) of Nigeria as a high risk area in terms of pirate attacks does not engender investment inflow. At the dawn the new democratic dispensation in 1999, the Government hosted the Port Restructuring and Concessioning Team from the World Bank and started championing port reforms. Before this time, the Nigerian Ports Authority regulates all major ports in Nigeria, including the Apapa Port. The privatization of the agency and subsequent concessioning of the ports to private sector organizations willing to develop and manage their own ports and those wishing to contribute to the up-grading and standardization of existing equipment and facilities at the ports and the country’s extensive onshore and off-shore terminals and jetties. This approach became necessary in order to reposition the entire maritime industry to contribute to national economy and well-being through efficient management of port operations, optimal allocation and use of resources, diversification of revenue sources, and maintaining adequate returns on investments. Thus, foreign and local private companies took advantage of the ample opportunities in the nation’s maritime industry and concessioning of the ports including the Port of Apapa that contains an important container terminal owned and operated by the Nigerian Government until sold to a Danish firm, AP Moller-Maersk Group in 2005. APM Terminals commenced operations in Nigeria in March, 2006 at Nigeria’s largest port located in Apapa. APM Terminals has been a major part of the development of the container shipping industry. APM Terminals is one of the largest container terminal operators in the world. Its diverse portfolio includes substantial interests in more than 40 ports around the globe. Originating as Maersk Line’s terminal operating arm, APM Terminals was established as an independent division within the A. P. Moller-Maersk Group in 2001, moving its corporate offices from Copenhagen to The Hague in 2004. The Port of Apapa is the port for the City of Lagos in the Rivers Province of Nigeria and is located west of Lagos Island across the harbor from the city. The Port of Apapa Quay is the primary outlet for the country’s exports. The Port of Apapa is the country’s biggest port, handling a wide range of commodities. Apapa port contains facilities specialized in handling wheat, oil, cement, fish, dry cargo, and containers. The Port of Apapa Container Terminal covers 44 hectares and can handle up to 22 thousand TEUs of containerized cargo. With six berths alongside depth of 10. 5 meters and total quay length of 950 meters, the Port of Apapa Container Terminal also contains 6. 4 thousand square meters of covered storage. The container yard has capacity for 19. 5 thousand TEUs, and it contains 298 reefer plugs. And in line with the objectives of the privatization and port reforms, this study thus aptly evaluates the operational impact of APM Terminal on activities at Apapa Port, Lagos and by extension, the nation’s maritime Industry. 1. 2Statement of Problems That the country is a major player in the sub-Saharan African economy remains undisputed fact as the nation accounts for more than 60 percent of total seaborne traffic in volume and value for the entire West African sub-region. You read "Private Sector Participation in Maritime Industry" in category "Papers" This development makes the Nigerian maritime sector exact significant impact on the entire sub-region. Through the port operations – a sub-sector of the industry – the Nigerian economy is a paramount gateway to the global markets. However, the Nigerian maritime industry for upward of three decades depicts a dichotomy of disastrous downturn and development. The failure of the industry in attracting the required local and foreign investment inflow that is proportionate to its contribution both to the Nigerian and West African economies despite its great potential and enormous investment opportunities remain a sorry case. To upturn this trend, government decided to technically hands off the direct management of the ports and resorted to port reforms which saw the coming on stream of private terminal operators to facilitate efficient cargo handling and release, reduction in cost of operation as well as increment in cargo tonnage. Today, government concessioning programme of the ports that allowed for private sector participation in the management of the ports is under serious scrutiny in terms of the operational efficiency, revenue generation, capacity development and participation in international maritime operations. With this concern, will the country’s goal of becoming one of the twenty virile economies in the world as articulated in Vision20: 2020 a reality in view of the dwindling fortune of the maritime industry which is supposed to leapfrog the nation into the league of wealthiest nations going by its vast potentials. 1. 3 Aim and Objectives of the Study The aim of this dissertation is to undertake a thorough assessment of the contributions of the private sector participation in the nation’s maritime industry adjudged the second largest revenue earner after the petroleum industry. With special focus on the operational activities of APM Terminal Limited on the efficiency and productivity of Apapa Port, Lagos, this study intends to achieve the following objectives: ? Provide an overview of the Nigerian maritime potentials and resources vis-a-vis the challenges that have over the years militated against the industry from achieving its full potentials for economic growth. Determine various strategies and approaches taken by the government and other relevant stakeholders in fully harnessing the nation’s maritime potentials and industry with emphasis on the ports. ? Identify private sector companies involved in ports management and assess their operational performances on the nation’s maritime industry with emphasis on port efficiency, employment generation, contribution to national treasury, national security/safety and integration into the global market. 1. Scope of the Study (Delimitation) In view of the vastness of the maritime industry which obviously has many sub-sectors in any economy within a particular geographical space, this study will be limited to port operations in Nigeria with special focus on the activities of APMT APAPA LTD at Apapa Port, Lagos. This will be considered in line with the federal government concessioning programmes embarked upon in 2004 when the government technically transferred the management of the nation’s ports to private companies. It is instructive to note that the need to have holistic and thorough assessment of the research study for better generalization of research findings and implementation of recommendations informed this delimitation. The choice of APMT and Apapa Port are both strategic and well informed. The seeming and self-acclaimed business profile of APMT in the management of ports across global boundaries as garnered over the years will be the subject of evaluation with respect to its operations in Nigeria. Also, Apapa Port remains the biggest port in the country and unarguably wedging enormous maritime activities in the West Africa Coast. Hence any critical evaluation at determining its operational efficiency will serve as baseline for other ports in the country. 1. 5Significance of the Study Public shelves and school libraries are obviously lined up with books, journals and research thesis describing various issues in the Nigerian maritime industry and port management in broader and specific contexts. But very few access the operational performance and overall contributions of private sector involvement in the local maritime industry with special focus on emerging business environment such as Nigeria. Given the significance and contribution of the shipping sector to the viability and competitiveness of the nation’s economy within the global marketplace, it is surprising however, how little attention has been paid to the assessment of the operational performance of private companies saddled with the responsibility f managing the Nigeria ports. This study is thus highly relevant in that it will dissects the managerial dispositions of APM Terminal – operator of the nation’s largest port in terms of port productivity, contribution to national treasury, employment creation and the overall efficiency of government concessioning programmes/port reforms. In comprehensible and unambiguous terms, necessary precautionary measures and/or approaches to checkmate the ugly consequences of APMT managerial capability on the operational efficiency of the Apapa port and the entire maritime industry will be outlined. Thus, this study will benefit the management of APMT as they would be better informed on the strategies needed to manage a viable organization in the fierce business environment and innovative global marketplace as this would go a long way in enhancing public confidence in the company, government policy and the industry. Government, policymakers and regulatory bodies will also benefit from this study as necessary frameworks on sustainable development of the maritime industry will be articulated for proper implementation and monitoring to checkmate industrial collapse. The field of academia can leverage on the information contained in this write up to avail itself of the useful information and spur further study and research endeavors in the topic area. 1. 6 Research Questions To have holistic view of this study, the following research questions are put forward to guide study: Ql: What are the remote and immediate factors responsible for the advocacy and eventual involvement of private sector participation in the Nigeria Maritime Industry? Q2: How has the existing regulatory frameworks and existing infrastructure impacted on the operational efficiency and performances of the private sector organizations in the Nigerian’s business environment, especially the maritime sector of the economy? Q3: Since its practical engagement, has the private sector, especially, operators of Apapa Port Terminal justify its involvement in the nation’s maritime industry in terms of revenue generation, employment creation, capacity development and overall competitiveness of the local economy in the world global marketplace? Q4: Using the performance of APMT, can it be inferred that the involvement of the private sector in the running of the nation’s maritime sector and overall management of the country’s vast human and capital resources a veritable model and platform towards the quest of achieving Vision2020:20? . 7Research Hypothesis The following hypothetical constructs are tested and validated: H1: Federal government initiative at engaging the private sector companies in the management of the country’s ports has positive impact on revenue generation for socio-economic development. H2: Private sector participation in the maritime industry has positively enhance d human capacity and infrastructural development of the nation’s ports and the entire maritime industry. H3: The involvement of private sector in the management of the county’s ports and associated sector has boost employment creation with attendant positive impact on the livelihood of an average Nigerian. 1. 8Research Methodology The method adopted is random sampling technique which is a probabilistic sampling method and is believed to be adequate in carrying out this study. During the course of the study, data were collected and categorized as Primary data and Secondary data. Primary data comprised of freshly generated information through administration of structured questionnaires to the respondents who expressed their opinions in a free manner within the framework of the research aim, objectives and questions. Where possible, interviews were conducted using midgets/camcorders to record sessions and personal observation. Secondary (historic) data were generated through published and unpublished works and these included relevant textbooks, academic journals, thesis, relevant term papers, seminar presentation and web-based publications. Historic data covered from 1999-2010 and 5-year forecasts to end-2013 for key industry and macroeconomic indicators, supported by analysis including: major port freight throughput (tonnes/teu); overall freight throughput (teu); Freight value (US$bn); Contribution to GDP (%); Sector employment (‘000); Nominal GDP (US$bn); Real GDP growth (%); Total imports (US$bn) and exports (US$bn); real import and export growth (%); Current account (US$bn). 1. 9Definitions of Terms Maritime Industry: |The aggregate of businesses, investments, goods and services, regulators, academia, professionals of | | |varying degrees and social status involved in the formal and informal operations and programmes | | |derivable from the sea and associated (physical) water bodies and resources including shipping, | | |coastal trade, marine transport, fishery and other sundry activities. |Port Reforms: |The changing institutional structure of the port business that allows for much greater involvement of | | |the private sector in the exploitation and financing of port facilities, terminals and/or services | | |(Sarumi, 2006). | |Concessioning: |A business practice that allows for the strategic transfer of operational and investment costs from | | |the concessioner (government) to the concessionaire (private sector). |Private Sector: |A segment of the (local) economy that is largely operated, managed and controlled by individuals | | |(entrepreneurs) and/or group of individuals (corporate bodies) undertaking production and/or business | | |transaction with the prime purpose of making profits. | CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Overview of the World Shipping Industry and Maritime Sector The shipping industry is a truly global community. It is intrinsically international; indeed it was the very first global industry. The world shipping industry is transporting 90% of the world’s trade. Most ships move from country to country as part of their normal trading pattern. The safety record of shipping is the envy of shore-based transport sectors, and shipping is the most environmentally friendly form of transport. The 50,000 ships that make up the international trading fleet are technically sophisticated, high value assets. The cost of a new ship can easily exceed US $100 million. Merchant ships generate an estimated annual income of over US $200 billion in freight rates within the global economy. It goes therefore to say that, the harnessing of available maritime resources and facilities such as the sea and ports remain the lifeblood of any country – and indeed of any continent. The importance, for example, of maritime trade to the economies of African states and its potential contribution to economic development through the potential for employment opportunities, can be demonstrated by the simple statistic that almost 91 per cent of continental trade by volume went by sea in 2008 (TBF, 2010). Of the fifty-four countries of Africa, thirty-nine are either littoral states or islands; therefore it is confidently expected that the continent is acutely aware of the impact of the maritime domain. After Asia, Africa is the second largest landmass on earth; it is also the largest island on the planet, with the Suez Canal separating Africa from the Middle East. In excess of 90 per cent of Africa’s imports go through ports before being forwarded to their final destinations via air, road and rail networks. Apart from being the provider of trade routes, the sea provides food, commodities, income from tourism and even moderates the climate. Africa’s fisheries play vital roles in trade, economic development and food security across the continent. Nor is Africa’s sustainable development and security purely dependent on the continent’s maritime waterways; inland waterways – lakes, dams and rivers – are equally important in providing for the livelihood of the continent’s 700 million-plus people. Protecting Africa’s water resources, waterborne trade and citizenry is vital, but it is clear that limited resources and perhaps a lack of recognition of the importance of this sector, have constrained the continent’s ability to effectively protect its waterways from a variety of threats. The cost of meeting the required responsibilities is the reason most regularly used to argue against doing what needs to be done. Any investment, however small, can be justified if compared to the cost of resource losses that Africa is experiencing; when the cost of reversing the continuous damage inflicted on the marine environment is determined, and the challenge of providing alternative food resources for those who depend on their food from the sea and inland waters is considered. Once these resources are protected and exploited in a sustainable manner, downstream savings will justify any upstream investment (TBF, 2010). By geographical location and size of the market, Nigeria – formally established under British colonial rule which lasted from 1861 to 1960 – is a natural hub of the West and Central African sub-region and the second largest economy in Africa. Twice the size of California with a population equal to that of Russia, where one in five Africans is a Nigeria (NPC, 2006), possessing the second largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of over $0 billion in sub Saharan Africa and touted as one of the world’s fastest growing economies, Nigeria offers a stark dichotomy of wealth and poverty. Nigeria is the one of the largest oil producers in the world, with 32 billion barrels of oil reserves (sufficient for 37years) and gas reserves that is expected to last 110years at current rates of usage. Nigeria’s oil and gas combined, according to United Kingdom Government Development Magazine, is worth about 50cents (about N65) per person a day. Suffice to note that the maritime sector of any economy is the orbit around which the country’s wellbeing revolves. Even land locked countries cannot progress too far in their developmental programmes without collaborative understanding with countries having seaport access. Latest estimates posit that Nigeria accounts for about 65% of the sub-region’s maritime trade (NSC, 2010). The country is blessed with vast coastline of about 850kilometers and an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of well over 300,000 square kilometer with a navigable inland waterways of 3,000kilometer; eight (8) major seaports; 11 oil terminal; and over 170 private jetties as well as four (4) Inland Container Deports (ICDs) including two (2) Inland Freight Stations (IFS). A larger part of goods meant for the country’s land locked neighbours are being freighted through Nigerian seaports. The foregoing potentials have opened up various professional, commercial and investment opportunities for the citizenry and foreigners as well. Unfortunately, Nigerian maritime industry contributes a meager 0. 05per cent of the nation’s GDP, whereas countries like Greece enjoys a significant contribution of about 4. 5 per cent to their economy from their respective maritime sectors, employing 4 per cent of the workforce. Notable, the maritime industry contribute about ? 5 billion to the UK’s GDP, providing 40,000 direct employments with a little less than one per cent contribution to that country’s GDP. It is now generally recognised that the maritime sector could, if properly harnessed, play a critical role in the development of regional, national and global economies. This is in view of the growth-pole potentials of ports and ancillary industries (Hanappe and Savy, 1980). Thus, there is a desire for ‘good order at sea’; this ‘good order’, which requires the creation of collaborative maritime architecture, would allow the conduct of free trade, i. e. in a safe and secure environment. It will require the enforcement of maritime legislation to remove those factors that would negatively affect the free flow of goods. Maritime legislation would, in turn, strengthen the maritime institutions which are crucial for a maritime strategy. The combination of strengthened and coherent legislation and institutions would better regulate the maritime industry; it would enhance the policing of, and prosecution for, illegal acts, e. g. piracy, and the dumping of waste materials; pollution will be policed; smuggling and illicit trade could be countered; transnational or cross-border crime would be better monitored and reduced; and the safe navigation of shipping guaranteed. In the past, governments have intervened, often massively, in the maritime sector to fulfill different goals such as economic development, national defense, prestige, balance of payments, and the protection of the national industry. To reach those goals, governments relied on methods such as regulations, subsidies, national fleets, preference of cargo and ports of entry. Cabotage regulations have been one of the privileged measures to protect the national maritime transportation industry. 2. 2Maritime Development and Port Administration in Nigeria Maritime economies and societies are closely associated with the sea. In this connection, the length and nature of a nation’s coastline, the magnitude of its mercantile marine and port-related industries, the level of development of internal communications and the political and economic framework in which these developments take place determine to a large extent the growth and development of its maritime sector. But truly speaking, the challenges facing shipping and the world’s ports today are not only related to the quantity but also the quality of services. The continuous progress of globalization of shipping and trade business is resulting in increasing pressures on ports cost and improve operational efficiency. Seaports constitute the hub of the maritime sector of a nation’s economy. For one thing, they are generally regarded as gateways between their hinterlands and forelands—the overseas territories to which they are linked by commerce and other elements. They thus serve as conduits in the exchange of merchandise between opposite ends of the intervening oceans. Moreover, without them, shipping and shipbuilding cannot exist and it is the capacity of a port that determines the volume and regularity of its shipping. The development of the maritime sector and, indeed, of the wider economy, reflects the degree of the harnessing together of technological, political, economic, physical and other factors. However, what can hardly be controverted is that human agency can reverse or ameliorate the natural disadvantages of a port or initiate developments in its hinterland or foreland to the advantage or disadvantage of the port (Olukoju, 1996). This is most clearly manifest in the formulation and implementation of policies which achieve port (re)development and foster shipping and industrial growth. Government is more suited to this sort of intervention because it has the capital that such large-scale works entail and it also has the capacity to absorb the impact of the long gestation of such low-return investments. It is capable of formulating policies reversing the natural disadvantages suffered by certain ports and regions. The beginning of modern port development in Nigeria may be traced to the British occupation of Lagos, a notorious centre of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, in 1861, and the subsequent colonisation of the Nigerian hinterland. Lagos and Port Harcourt eventually emerged as the leading ports following extensive and expensive harbour works. At Lagos, the most extensive works carried out during the colonial period (1861-1960) took place before the Second World War, while Port Harcourt was created from scratch in the immediate aftermath of the First World War (Olukoju, 1996). Port development policy oscillated during this period from concentration to diffusion (Ogundana 1970, 1972). The former refers to a policy of concentrating investment in, and developing, a few ports, at the expense of the rest while the latter involved developing a multiplicity of seaport outlets. Such contraction and expansion reflected the prevailing global and local economic conditions which dictated the demand for shipping and port facilities. In terms of the administration of Nigerian ports, policy was characterised, up to the mid-1950s, by a combination of duality of control and multiplicity of authorities. First, the duality of control meant that private interests such as the United African Company and the foreign shipping lines, specifically, Elder Dempster Shipping Line, controlled certain activities such as lighterage and controlled certain ports such as Burutu (Olukoju, 2002). Second, there was a multiplicity of authorities in the ports, especially the major ones like Lagos and Port Harcourt. Among these were the Railways, Customs, Port Engineering and Marine, each handling specific aspects of port operations, such as tariff collection, transport, pilotage and harbour works. These government departments were embroiled in an acrimonious inter-departmental rivalry which impeded the effective coordination of services and port operations (Olukoju, 1992). The management of the crisis entailed a series of investigations and administrative reorganisation but it was not until the Nigerian Ports Authority was established in the mid-1950s that a semblance of order was established. Paradoxically, maritime administration in Nigeria has since degenerated into a jungle of competing authorities hindering and meddling with the efficient operation and administration of the ports. By virtue of the Ports Act 1954 (Cap 55) of the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, the Nigerian Ports Authority was established as the sole authority in control of Nigeria’s ports in place of eight government departments. The NPA came into being with jurisdiction over the operation of cargo-handling; maintenance, improvement and regulation of harbours and approaches; dredging, pilotage services, lighting and navigational aids, and related services. The NPA embarked on indigenisation (‘Nigerianisation’) of its staff and the construction of a wharf extension at Apapa and harbour works at Port Harcourt. Yet, within a decade, its activities had come under the scrutiny of a commission of inquiry. The Justice Beckley Tribunal found out that the NPA had engaged in redundancy and jobbery in its appointments, and its operations had been bedevilled by ethnicity, corruption and inefficiency. The civil war caused the enforced contraction of Nigerian maritime operations following the closure of eastern Nigerian ports such as Port Harcourt and Lagos became the only functional seaport. In 1969, the military government formally placed the ports of Warri, Burutu and Calabar, hitherto under private control, under the control of the NPA. The civil war was followed by the requirements of reconstruction and the oil boom in the aftermath of the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. Massive imports engendered by these developments resulted in unprecedented port congestion, characterised by the infamous cement armada whereby ships carrying cement stayed outside the ports in a long queue of vessels waiting to berth and offload their cargo. The country incurred huge losses in demurrage and damaged cargo, in addition to the unscrupulous dealings of some Nigerians and foreigners. The government then embarked on massive port development not only to cope with that exigency but in anticipation of increasing demand. But the slump of the 1980s forestalled the latter and left the country with under-utilised facilities. Meanwhile, port administration was undergoing certain changes which worked against efficiency and motivation of staff. First, the appointment of a military Port Commandant in the face of the port congestion of the 1970s eroded the influence and efficiency of the NPA Board, and breached the norms of due process and accountability. Second, the public sector reforms of the 1970s dampened the morale of NPA staff, who were now made to work under civil service conditions of service, especially pay. Third, certain powers of the NPA were transferred to the Minister of Transport, who became the supervisory authority for the Authority. The consequence of these developments was that the NPA ‘moved from an autonomous status to that of a department of the Federal Ministry of Transport with its centralised control, no user representation advisory board and all the trappings of civil service bureaucracy (Ovbude, 1991). A related policy thrust was the ‘commercialisation’ of port administration in Nigeria in the late 1980s. By Decree 25 of 1988, the NPA was listed among thirty-five state-owned enterprises slated for commercialisation. Ninety-two others were to be privatised. The aim was to make the NPA make profits on its operations. Such a policy implied that the government would give the operators a free hand not only in day-to-day administration but in the setting of port charges and the collection of revenue. Unfortunately, the professed aim was never achieved, although the NPA (then renamed Ports PLC) was finally weaned off its dependence on state subventions as it succeeded in earning enough and making profits from its services to shipping and other port-users. However, the government never gave its officials a free hand at least to the extent of appointing the Authority’s Board of Directors and interfering in other ways. In all, port development in Nigeria has had a measurable impact on city and regional development though the extent varies with each port. To be sure, the export processing zone developed around Calabar port in eastern Nigeria has yet to make the expected impact. A recurring factor in the decline of the port is that its natural hinterland is in the Republic of Cameroon. This has robbed it of a critical factor in its development, unlike the case at Lagos and Port Harcourt. That said, the most profound case of port-induced urban and regional development has been that of Lagos, which generated a huge population concentration in an adjoining metropolitan area that extends inland up to Ota, some forty-five kilometres to the north. Major developments at Apapa have also fostered an industrial zone that has grown in depth since the 1960s. Industrial zones have also sprouted at Ilupeju, Yaba and Ikeja as the port exerts its direct and indirect impact on its immediate hinterland. By 1971, the Lagos metropolitan area was dotted with six industrial estates. By 2000, functional estates included those at Apapa, Agidingbi, Amuwo Odofin, Gbagada, Iganmu, Ijora, Ikeja CBD, Ilupeju, Kirikiri, Matori, Ogba, Oregun, Oshodi/Isolo/Ilasamaja and Surulere (Light Industrial) (Akintola-Arikawe, 1987). The industrial estates at Ikeja and Mushin had owed their existence to the ndustrial policies of the Western Region government since the late 1950s but others too had developed since the 1970s. The extent of the impact of port development at Lagos may be judged by the rise and development of the Agbara and Ota-Ifo industrial estates in the ‘metropolitan shadow’ some twenty to forty kilometres away (Akintola-Arikawe, 1987 ). As well, the western railway linking Lagos with Ibadan and Kano, major urban, commercial and industrial centres, has also spread the impact of the port several hundred kilometres into the Nigerian hinterland. The same process has been replicated, though on a smaller scale, at Port Harcourt, the terminus of the eastern railway. The port literally created the city following its development in the inter-war years (Anyanwu 1971; Olukoju 1996). There, as in Lagos, the port serves as an industrial and commercial hub, and its hinterland extends to the administrative and commercial centres on the railway, like Aba and Umuahia. 2. 3Port Reforms, Concessioning and Privatization in Nigeria The growing trends in trade liberalization and global economic restructuring have led to initiative for private sector participation in the ports operations. Ports as a gateway to economies have become more competitive as port charges can hamper international trade if significant in product cost line. The manufacturers now seek the least cost-input ratio worldwide where they can produce and assemble products at biggest advantages in terms of labour capacity and access to market. This explains why states world over are very particular in port productivity and efficiency as it directly affects import and export trade. Succinctly put, globalization phenomenon has come with some which include the emergence of very large vessels with greater cost effectiveness, speed, improved cargo-handling technology and reduced unit freight cost. Also, emergency of international terminal operators with specialized technical efficiency in cargo handling; high mobility of factors of production; fluid movement of goods across international boarders; off-shore manufacturing, and electronic business transactions are some of the value proposition for private-partnership model being championed and entrenched within the local maritime sector of emerging and even developed nations. To play meaningful role in the global economy, nations have to aggregate the impacts of all these developments as they affect their links with international supply chain. It is with this understanding that the federal government of Nigeria, at the inception of the new democratic dispensation of the Olusegun Obasanjo led- administration between 1999 and 2003, inaugurated the National Council on Privatization (NCP) in demonstration of the commitment to institutional reforms. Government believes that there is a linkage between efficient functioning of utilities and propensity to attract foreign investment to the country. In this respect, Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) was identified and selected, as a prime candidate for an in-depth reform as contained in governments’ privatization programme implemented by the Nigeria Council for Privatization (NCP) and its implementing agency, the Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) and concessioning is one of the reform options that are needed to make ports internationally competitive and to integrate the economy to the mainstream of world economic order. Consequently, the concessioning of the port was an issue, which agitated the mind of workers and dominated several discussions. The Management, Officers and staff of NPA being conscious of their responsibilities and aware of the need for successful implementation of the ports reform initiatives of the Federal Government held a retreat at Calabar from 14th – 16th August, 2003. After widespread consensus-building and consultations with various stakeholders, government came up with the option of Concessioning and Landlord Port model as a tool for process of institutional reform. Put succinctly, a Port Concession agreement is a contract in which a government transfers operating rights to private enterprise, which then engages in an activity contingent on government approval and subject to the terms of the contract. The Landlord port model in port sector reform is identified by a clear separation of the roles of public and private sector in two parts namely: Public sector is responsible for port planning and development, regulatory tasks related to safety, security and environment, owner of port land and nautical management. Also the granting and administration of concessions for the use of land and infrastructure to the private sector, and Private sector is responsible for terminal operations including investment in the provision and maintenance of superstructure and equipment. Essentially, the term â€Å"port reform† connotes the changing institutional structure of the port business and much greater involvement of the private sector in the exploitation and financing of port facilities, terminals and/or services (Sarumi, 2006). Port reform therefore sets to re-define relationship between public and private sectors. More often than not, the concept of Privatization is often used interchangeably in error to port reform. It should be made clear at this juncture that privatization only refers to one aspect of port reform tools. Other spectrum of port reform tools include: Management Contract, Outsourcing and Concessioning etc. The proponents of port reforms and concessioning programmes noted that the benefits accruable to the country include better and more efficient port management especially operations as handled by Terminal Operators; the application of private capital to socially and economically desirable projects, freeing up government funds for other priority projects; creation of new revenue streams for government; the attraction and use of foreign investment and technology, and increase in private sector participation in the regional or national economy. The review of the major milestones in NPA concession programme revealed the following procedures, guidelines and timelines which included the Appointment of Concession Advisers, CPCS Transcom of Canada (3rd December, 20030; Advertisement for Expression of Interest – EOIs (5th December, 2003); Evaluation of Expression of Interests carried out on 24th February to 3rd March, 2004; Request for Proposals (RFP) and other bidding documents sent to prequalified bidders; Pre-bid conference and commencement of Physical Due Diligence and Data – Room visit for Apapa Terminals (19th October, 2004); inauguration of Presidential Task Force on Port Reforms (1st December, 2004); Opening of Technical Bids for Apapa Terminals (26th January to 3rd February, 2005); Pre-bid conference for Port-Harcourt Terminal and commencement of Due Diligence and Data Room Visitation (7th February to 22nd February, 2005), and the Opening of Financial Bids for Apapa and selection of preferred bidders, 10th March, 2005. The primary objective of concession agreement is to transfer investment costs from the government to the private sector. It is further envisaged to inject private sector efficiency, independence and discipline into the loading and off – loading of ships at our terminals, while ports perform marine and technical oversight functions. The ultimate goal is to make the port system extremely efficient and cost effective. These led to the invitation of bidders in December 2003 and 110 applications were received while 94 of the applicants were pre -qualified and issued bid documents. Most of the terminals were handed over in 2006 with NPA expectedly playing the following roles: port planning, licensing and control, port development, technical regulations, marine services and channel management. Within the context of concessioning is the role of Terminal Operator defined as port operations and services (carrying out terminal operations and marine services as agreed except pilotage), port labour (employing and paying port labour, providing training, clothing, Medicare and social security, safety and pension) and investment and maintenance in superstructure and equipment. The Terminal Operators are large independent companies with concessions from the Port Authority for a period sufficient to pay back the investments (at least 10 yrs). Terminal Operators are selected on the basis of transparent international bidders. The Terminal Operators pay a concession fee to the Port Authority based on the use of the land and infrastructure and the volume of operations. The Concessionaires are responsible for all terminal operations such as; stevedoring, shore handling etc. They maintain direct contacts with the shipping lines without interference from the Port Authority, but operate within the ambit of extant registration. They are equally responsible for the security, liability, insurance and safety in the concessioned area. TABLE 1:LIST OF TERMINAL OPERATORS S/N |Company’s Name (Operator) |Location | |1 |APM Terminal Limited, |Apapa, Lagos | |2 |ENL |Lagos | |3 |Five Star |Lagos | |4 |TICT |Lagos | |5 |J/DAM |Lagos | |6 |PTML |Lagos | |7 |ABTL |Lagos | |8 |P. CARGO |Lagos | |9 |GDNL |Lagos | |10 |BOP |Lagos | |11 |IBAFON |Lagos | |12 |LISTER |Lagos | |13 |F/W |Lagos | |14 |CAPITAL |Lagos | |15 |FATGBEM |Lagos | |16 |RAJ |Lagos | |17 |EKO SUP |Lagos | |18 |NOJ |Lagos | |19 |IJORA |Lagos | |20 |EML |Lagos | |21** |Including 15 other companies operating outside Lagos namely Calabar, Port-Harcourt, Warri, Onne etc. | Source: NPA 2009 2. 4Performance Evaluation of Private Sector Participation in Maritime Industry However, ports do not exist for their own sake or as mere conduits of trade, but are expected to exert a developmental impact especially on their hinterlands. To be sure, a port has several hinterlands stretching from the port itself to as far as transport links and competing outlets permit. While the proximate hinterlands are likely to be captive to it, other areas may be contested by other ports depending on their differential access to transport facilities. Specifically, port and regional development has been pursued through ‘developer ports’, created in depressed regions as a catalyst of industrial and urban development (Olukoju, 2004). A critical issue that is germane to this study is the potential of ports as growth poles. Do ports really generate development in their immediate or remote hinterlands? If so, what accounts for this or under what conditions can this it achieved? If such condition(s) is/are known, how can the developmental impact be optimised? In any case, what criteria should be employed to measure the developmental impact of ports and how reliable are they? With regard to the measurement of the economic impact of ports, the Canada Ports Corporation once developed a computerised Economic Impact Model, which supposedly ‘measures the economic benefits of the freight handling activities of Canadian ports on the local, provincial and national economies and provides a realistic and defensible assessment of the economic contributions of the ports’ (Tessier, 1991). This assertion was based on certain observable results. Canadian ports were reported to have generated jobs (direct and indirect), revenue, and personal income quantified in billions of dollars, which derived from port and related activities. Barely four years and some months, perhaps to all believers’ dismay of the port reforms and concessioning programmes, the ports are in chaos, throwing up a nightmarish pains, losses as well as rip-off that is crippling the national economy. Today, the concessionaires are in quandary as the raised issues of hope and prospects are nowhere near. Congestion, high cost inefficiency and chaos are now the order of the day which constitutes a great setback. There is a heavy problem of discharge of container while cargo diversion to neighbouring ports in West Africa region has taken the shine off Nigerian ports, which its supposedly aim of being the hub for international trade and freight is yet to materialised. Investigation shows that many factors are responsible for the debacle which is most noticed in Lagos ports which account for over 65 per cent of total imports into Nigeria and others in the eastern part of the country especially the Onne base ports mostly under the management of Intels Nigeria Limited. Apart from poor and ill-equipped cargo handling plants, the much desired quick release of cargoes at the private terminals is yet to be actualised dream to operators and port users, the problems are too much that Nigerians on the street have started questioning the rationale for concessioning or dashing of the ports to the private operators or monopolists. Since the year of independence in 1960, there has always been a tug-of-war between policy of pre-shipment inspection and that of destination. As at January 2006 and the time the concessionaires took over the management of port operations as private terminal operators destination inspection as a policy was re-introduced for the third time. Following agitations and complaints by the freight forwarders about operational lapses, inefficiency and unfair business practices which grew to the point of an ultimatum of withdrawal of services at the ports, the Ministry of Transport was forced to set up a committee to address the grievances and operational challenges. The committee or task force was given six point terms of reference that include: to ascertain the inadequacies and availability of plant and equipment at the terminals, examine the clearing and port documentation process, identify and abrogate excessive/duplicated charges. Others are to ensure the suitability of the working environment; ensure the implementation of world best practices in the Nigerian ports and tackle any other issues that may arise in the course of the sub-committee assignment. The committee in its interim report observed that there are many port operational constraints that exist in many facilities and at different levels. The issue of stacking pattern for containers was observed not to be done in accordance with internationally accepted standards for ease of operation. Putting APMT on the spotlight of performance evaluation, study shows that there are too many empty containers found to be stacked at the quay apron for more than eight (8) days and that the terminal operator have a weekly stacks of up to 4,800teus and weekly evacuation of about 1800teus. This is wholly responsible for the long queue of trailers that caused traffic jams in Apapa and to the port entry point. The on and off stories of congestion which have characterised the concessioned ports since inception are observed to be caused by the greed of the concessionaires as it alleged that they make more money when cargoes are delayed in their terminals. According to the Manufacturers’ Association of Nigeria (MAN), many Nigerian importers and manufacturers are closing shop in protest against the country’s port system, as they cannot continue to import wares through the ports with debts overtaken their business, they therefore have sought relief, time and cost saving opportunities offered at the ports in the other west African countries of Benin Republic, Togo, Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. Study reveals that rather than saving $2. 5 billion from mere coming on stream of the port concession arrangements as well as experiencing an operating cost cut down of between $65 million to $80 million and port users saving some $70 million to $100 million yearly, Nigeria as at today lost quantifiable billions of dollar which translates to over N20 trillion (Chigbue Irene, 2010). Though the industry is projected to provide well over 10,000 jobs yearly with the capacity of employing 50,000 Nigerians (Omatseye, 2010), the promised job opportunities have turned to job doom as many importer and agents as well as dockworkers have lost their jobs and businesses as the case maybe. These loads of problems as being experienced within the concessioned port sector hinged on lack of legal frameworks backing the port concession exercise which regrettably made the concessionaires to take advantage of implementing the illegality of exploiting importers. The era of port concessioning has further thrown security issues capable of threatening national defense and safety of lives (Abati, 2010). In the Apapa port, it has been made clear that the arms cargo arrived at the port in July 2010. The frequency with which suspicious materials are now being reported along Nigerian routes and in many of the cities is frightening. Given Nigeria’s weak national security infrastructure the situation could be worse and the evidence is writ large in spread of criminality and violence in the country and the seeming ineffectiveness of the concerned state agencies. Granted that the administration has often tried to address the challenge but what is exposed in every instance is the absence of a well thought-out and managed national security framework, unfortunately, security is one of the original concerns of government, and where this fails, there are serious implications for national stability. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1Introduction This section is directed at defining the research design, characteristics of the population, sample size and sampling techniques, sources of data, design and administration of questionnaires, techniques for data analysis, and limitation of the research methodology. The research method used in this study is as relevant as the research work because it forms the basis upon which the research is written. This chapter goes together to describe the method used in the data collection and classification of questions for data analysis. 3. 2Re-Statement of Research Hypotheses For emphasis, and to have holistic view of the research’s objectives vis-a-vis the methods and techniques used in analyzing acquired data, the research hypotheses earlier set are herewith restated: H1: Federal government initiative at engaging the private sector companies in the management of the country’s ports has positive impact on revenue generation for socio-economic development. H2: Private sector participation in the maritime industry has positively enhanced human capacity and infrastructural development of the nation’s ports and the entire maritime industry. H3: The involvement of private sector in the management of the county’s ports and associated sector has boost employment creation with attendant positive impact on the livelihood of an average Nigerian. 3. 3Research Design The research design chosen for this study is the non-experimental (personal) survey and correlation design because the study focuses on the respondents’ attitudes to the research problem while attempting to establish the degree of relationships between independent variable in this case maritime industry performance and the dependent variables operational efficiency of the terminal operators. 3. 4Population of Study and Sample Size The population for this research study comprises of various but carefully selected practitioners/operators in the industry. The core practitioners include officials/staff (civil servants) working in various Ministries, Departments and Agencies/Parastatals (MDAs) of government overseeing and regulating the activities of the terminal operators and the ports in general. These include; NIMASA, Nigeria Port Authority, Nigeria Shippers’ Council, Nigeria Custom Service and Nigeria Navy. Thereto, independent (private) sector operators such as freight forwarders, ship owning firms, legal practitioners (maritime lawyers), journalists, and importers/exported drawn from different associations and corporate organizations viz: Nigerian Association of Government Approved Freight Forwarders (NAGAFF), Indigenous Shipowners Association of Nigeria (ISAN), the Nigerian Chamber of Shipping (NCS), Maritime Reporters Association of Nigeria (MARAN), Maritime Lawyers and Arbitrators of Nigeria (MLAN). In view of the vastness of the population for this study, a sample size of 150 respondents consisting of people that were randomly selected from the above organizations/bodies was served questionnaires. Only 100 returned questionnaires were considered valid for use/analysis as fifty (50) were either badly filled or not returned. However, the size represented and the returned questionnaires represent fair percentage of the total population of the study to whom questionnaires were distributed for the purpose of data collection which could allow for better generalization of results after necessary analysis. 3. 5Sampling Techniques The sampling technique used for this research work was random sampling for different respondents of the selected organizations/bodies in the study area. This technique prevented any form of biases, and provided for fair and equal opportunity to all respondents identified for this research study to freely express their views of the foregoing subject matter. The survey research design was used to investigate the respondents’ opinions on the research problem. 3. 6Sources of Data Collection The information required for the successful execution of this project was obtained from two sources viz: primary and secondary sources. The primary sources included the use of structured questionnaires and oral interviews/personal observations as made by the researcher while secondary sources included data and information collected from textbooks, journals, magazines, newspapers, white papers, the Internet and unpublished works. 3. 7Questionnaire Design This research employed the use of structured questionnaire to gather primary data from respondents. The questionnaires consist of two (2) sections. Section A contained six (6) items which emphasized on the characteristics of the respondents (‘bio-data’ or ‘personal profile’). Section B of the research instrument has twelve (12) items which were designed to provide answers to the questions raised in the study and to test the formulated hypotheses. And consistent with Hamilton (1997) and Patry et al. (1999), a 5-point Likert scale, was used to measure the extent to which each respondent agrees and/or disagrees with any statement as contained in the questionnaire. The statements were concise and comprehensive enough to drive home the points of the research aim and objectives in simple and understandable language and also allowed for good responses from the respondents with the view of capturing the essence of the topic. 3. 8Standardization of Research Instrument The research instrument was tested for content validity to determine if it could measure what it was intended to test. In order to achieve this procedure, the questionnaire was reviewed by the an independent research outfit with bias in maritime policy development and operations, and other seasoned professionals in industry to assess technical terms, clarify ambiguous statement and comment on the obvious validity of each item. The internal consistency of the items as contained in Section B of the questionnaire was tested for reliability using Croncbach Alpha method with other available functionalities of the SSPS software package. The overall result of the 12 items on the research instrument clearly shows that the designed questionnaire was valid for the conduct of this study as the reliability coefficient of 0. 8636 was obtains which tends to 1. 3. 9Questionnaire Administration The questionnaires were distributed to all the respondents identified for this study in all the selected organizations who expectedly conveyed their opinions by providing fair and unbiased responses to the statement. A total of 150 questionnaires were administered through personal efforts by hand delivery of hard copies and through the internet as attached file sent to the recipients/respondents’ e-mail addresses followed by phone calls to confirm receipt of same. The cost of mailing was financially irrational as retrieving answered questionnaires may be difficult to achieve while the needed thoroughness in the analysis and presentation of data may be compromised and jeopardized. Of the total 150 questionnaires distributed, 124 were returned filled while 26 were not returned by the respondents. Upon careful examination of the returned questionnaires, only 100 were considered useful and adequate for thorough analysis as 24 were either badly filled as represented in the following graphical (pie chart) illustration. [pic] 3. 10Techniques for Data Analysis For the purpose of thorough analysis of the data collected for this study a conventional reliability rate of 95. 0% with a sample error of 5. 0% was allowed using version 10. 0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program and Microsoft Excel in processing the data. Inferential statistical method was used to present data in Frequency Table and Simple Percentage. The used of chi-square (x2) was adopted to test formulated hypotheses. 3. 11Limitations of Research Methodology The research of this scope cannot be carried out without facing one or two constraints. Time posed a serious challenge as research appointments in most case coincided with academic lectures and work demands at office. The seemingly reluctance of some respondents in filling the research instrument designed to collate data posed yet another challenge especially among top-ranking officers of NIMASA, NPA, Customs and APMT staff. Resource materials needed for necessary deskwork were not readily available. Handling the SPSS package posed yet a great challenge in terms of analyzing and interpreting the data as there was no firsthand experience of its usage. Financing this project in term of logistics associated with this research work almost marred this academic pursuit. However, efforts were made to put these challenges under control through effective and prudent use of available, nay limited fund, thus the emergence of this work in its present form. As regards the intellectual and theoretical arguments, critics have expressed doubts about the reliability and propriety of this kind of performance evaluation. Some contend that ‘port impact’ studies of this kind were designed by port authorities to justify or attract port investment. Others argue that it is misleading to attribute regional development to the ports, which are ‘only one element in a large number of producing and distributing systems’ which generate economic changes in a given region (Goss, 1990). It may also be noted that accurate quantification of the regional impact of ports is difficult to achieve in the face of the diffusion (that is, of origins and destinations) of port traffic beyond the narrow confines of a region or nation (ibid: 216). Whatever reservations that one may have about the reliability of the quantification of the social and economic impact of ports and their allied industries on the adjoining cities and regions, it is hardly debatable that port activities and shipping generate employment, and induce industrialisation and overall economic growth. The striking example of Maritime Industrial Developments Areas (MIDAs) in post-Second World War Europe aptly illustrates the immense growth-pole potentials of ports. Even so, it must be conceded that there is a symbiotic relationship between the port itself, on the one hand, and the port-city and port-induced industries, on the other. Economic boom or depression in either a port’s forelands or hinterlands immediately affects the port and the silting of the port or the loss of its comparative advantage to rival ports would be reflected in the fortunes of its hinterlands, particularly those that are dependent on it. CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4. 1INTRODUCTION This section is designed to present and analyze data used for this research study. With the aid of computer based application software packages – Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 10. 0 and Microsoft Excel (2007), data generated through the administered research instrument (questionnaire) were analyzed at the conventional 95% level of confidence. To further validat How to cite Private Sector Participation in Maritime Industry, Essays