Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Finances

Impact of Corporate Social righteousness (CSR) on FinancesSummaryThe target atomic number 18a of this research is to study the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on fiscal public presentation. The trend of CSR addresses a major challenge in providing a broader agency of the business surround, understood not simply in its sparing and pecuniary just now similarly amicable, human and ecological through an operationalization and verification of the theoretic shape offerd in a sample of Tunisian stiffs, evidenced by a questionnaire sent to 30 companies Tunisian drawn. The results are the lack of link amongst CSR and monetary doing mensurable by the report carding ROA, small-arm there is a imperious if financial exercise is measured by ROE.Keywords Corporate Social Responsibility of Firms, Financial Performance,RsumLobjectif de cette recherche est dtudier limpact de la Responsabilit Soci bal integrityy de lEntreprise (RSE) sur la motion financire. La RSE rpond un enjeu majeur, en proposant une reprsentation largie de lenvironnement diethylstilbesterol firmes, entendu non seulement dans ses dimensions conomiques et financires, mais aussi affectionatees, humaines et cologiques. A travers, une oprationnalisation et une vrification du modle thorique propos, au niveau dun chantillon dentreprises tunisiennes, matrialis, par un questionnaire adress 30 entreprises tunisiennes tir au sort. Les rsultats obtenus relvent labsence de lien entre la RSE et la implementation financire mesure par l omenur comptable ROA, alors quil existe un lien positif si la performance financire est mesure par lROE.Mots cls Responsabilit Socitale de lEntreprise, Performance Financire1- INTRODUCTIONIn the 1850s, the role of the lodge was seen as a purely economic, and bounded to the maximization of profit for shareholders. In this regard, such an nestle is consistent with a classical view of the firm where management essentially concerns managers and sharehol ders (Friedman, 1970). Further, the company was faced increased pressure from its stakeholders (Freeman, 1984). In this regard it should take into account the effects of its activities in the communities where it operates. This brings her back to reconsider its relations with its stakeholders and to reconcile the lots conflicting objectives of various interest groups. The estimate of well-disposed province of business without delay (CSR) responds to this challenge by providing a broader representation of the business environment, understood not simply in its economic and financial but also mixer, human and ecological. any company that wants to ensure its sustainability, an imperative for financial performance, but also should not ignore or largely ignore the societal benefit that is to say, to engage in a societal approach. The objective of this research is cardinalfold , foremost to study the impact of CSR on financial performance. Second in a to a greater extent explicit, we handle to study in the target companies in our survey, the degree of perception of the thought of friendly tariff through five dimensions namely economic, intelligent, ethical, discretionary, and environmental. In this part, our problem is as followsWhat is the impact of social responsibility of corporate financial performance?2. SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COMPANY (CSR) TOWARDS THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW CONCEPTBeing responsible for(p) is to ensure their actions and their consequences and to accept accountability. hardly when this term is applied to the company, it is a concept that can be understood in opposite ways. Nowadays, the definition and delimitation of the concept of social responsibility still the subject of controversy and conceptual differences. So, social responsibility has been the subject of increased attention by many organizations of diverse spirit, the European and worldwide institutions, professional companionships and business net fiddles, Its eme rgence is born with Bowen (1953) who scored in the first initiative CSR refers to the requirement for businessmen to carry out the policies, decisions and follow the guidelines spreading objectives and site that are considered desirable in our fellowship. Subsequently, MC Guire (1963) argues in his work that the idea of social responsibility implies that the firm has not only economic or legal obligations but also has responsibilities to society that go beyond these obligations .Then, Davis (1973) emphasizes that CSR refers to the consideration by the business issues that go beyond its economic obligations and the technical equal and close to the answers that gives these companies problems. This actor that CSR begins where law ends. For Carroll (1979) CSR integrates all economic expectations, legal, ethical and philanthropic society may have in respect of a company at a time. go Jones (1980) stresses the idea that companies, by then the statutory or contractual obligation to h ave a societal actors. Similarly, Wood (1991) anchors his discussion on the meaning of the indebtedness can be seen that through the interplay of three principles legitimacy, public responsibility and distinction of three levels of institutional analysis, organizational and individual. In reality, these definitions are normally content to foreground the discretionary nature of CSR, highlighting the fact that it recognized the dimensions beyond the purely economic or legal activity of the company. What brought Carroll (1979) distinguish four categories of CSRThe economic responsibilityThe legal liability,Responsibility EthicsResponsibility discretion.2.1 Approaches to CSR measuresMeasuring CSR is a necessary condition for knowledge of their own social responsibility and thus to control environmental and social impacts. Assessing the social and environmental performance, the establishment of a steering system for the performance and accountability on these external dimensions imply the existence of metrics to quantify the quality of management of the business related non-financial. In fact, the existence of these metrics is also of particular importance to some other stakeholders that ethical investors who require such data to select the best performing companies on the main criteria the quality of resource management Human and respect for human rights. This leads companies to establish a legal and socio-technical home to make measurable CSR stakeholders. In theoretical terms, the extent of CSR faces similar problems to those identified to define the concept of CSR the multiplicity of approaches and dimensions of this complex concept, difficult to report objectively its components much(prenominal) subjective often linked to an assessment ground on criteria related to ethics or a social context.2.1.1 Measuring CSR in the academic publicationsAmong the different methods of measurement of CSR that have been used, we can distinguish five categoriesMeasur es of speech, such as content analysis of annual reports, which are to be based on remarks made by companies to assess their CSR, for example by counting the number of lines or words dedicated to themes CSR in the annual report of a companyIndicators of pollution provided by some agencies to assess the pollution of businesses, such as the Toxic Release Inventory in the U.S., or for example measurements of the diffusion of carbonic acid gas by businessesMeasures of attitudes and values aimed at assessing the sensitivity of members of the organization (eg managers, employees) to the various dimensions of CSR and are generally administered in the form of a questionnaireMeasures of news report, such as the indicator of reputation developed by scribbleowitz in the 1970s in the American magazine Fortune, which includes criteria related to CSR that are assessed by a panel of industry experts to which operates within the opening move in questionThe behavioral measures or audit, developed by the agencies that specialize in the assessment of social behavior and environmental responsibility, such as the U.S. KLD, EIRIS in Britain or in France Vigeo.3. FINANCIAL carrying out DEFINITIONPerformance is tried to rely on commercialise place efficiency that ensures the best allocation of resources and rejects any printing of corporate responsibility other than making profit for its shareholders. As a design performance based on an external view (the current shareholders and potential), often linked to the stock exchange during the action of the company. The performance measures are thus based on data from financial statements. The control and management are accommodate towards the minimization of cost and return on investment. It is a large building which includes questions on the financial performance within the organization. For a financial indicator, the financial performance of the organization is measured by its financial validity, such as accessibility to differen t sources of funding or its profitability compared to its investments, its assets or its equity.2.1 MEASUREMENT OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCEAccording to empiric studies, accounting measures provide most of the time positive correlations mingled with CSR and financial performance. (Cochran and Wood, 1994 Waddock and carve, 1997 Preston and O Bannon, 1997 Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998 Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Moore, 2001 Rufetal, 2001). In addition, these measures from the accounts have the advantage of providing a more relevant measure of economic performance of the company and predict a more reliable the possible link betwixt CSR and financial performance. On the other hand, the stock market measures have the advantage of being less prone to managerial manipulation. Especially since they represent scores of investors on the business ability to start out economic benefits (Mc Guire et al, 1988). However, these variables are evaluated specific investor and does not allow to reveal the economic reality of the business (Ullmann, 1985), the results that emerge from studies using measures such as stock market are mixed, Markovitz, (1972) found a positive kin, Vance (1975) proves otherwise, and Buchotz Alexander (1978) found a weak correlation or no. Griffin and Mahon (1997) stress that results from market-related measures are in the main negative and called for greater use of accounting measures. To better understand the financial performance and provide a more comprehensive or less of the latter, elevate research incorporating both measures at a time (Mc Guire, et al, 1988 Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Moore, 2001 Seifert Maurras and Barktkus, 2003, 2004).4. SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE4.1 CSR and financial performance theoretical approaches4.1.1 The existence of a race between CSR and financial performanceThe theoretical approaches to corporate social responsibility are essentially based on the current contract philosopher s and sociological neo-institutionalism. They specially questioned the compatibility between market logic and the goal of maximum profit that underpin the economic rationale of the business and societal concerns such as sustainable development, intergenerational equity, the general interest which are purposes prior to appearing foreign or contrary to the entrepreneurial logic. In other words, the exercise of social responsibility of business is it an hopeless synthesis between the collective demands long-term expectations and short-term private? The theoretical basis is between 2 opposite poles on one side, the neoclassical theories, based on market efficiency, reject any idea of social responsibility of business other than making profit for its shareholders (Friedman, 1970). On the other, theories that mobilize a teleological principle and argue that there is a moral responsibility of policy makers towards future generations and a large number of societal problems. However, the only approach moralistic-ethical is not sufficient to illuminate the strategic behavior of firms in the societal area because it does not understand the motivations of corporate behavior. In this approach, stakeholders influence policy decisions of leaders and they are accountable to them about how they took into account their expectations.4.2 The stakeholder speculationFrom the 1980s, the theory of stakeholders (Stakeholders theory) is gradually accepted as a framework to further specify the groups vis--vis what the enterprise is (or should exercise) its societal responsibilities. The work of Freeman (1984) popularized this theory by proposing to define as stakeholder all persons or groups who are likely to affect and / or be affected by the have of the strategy of undertaking. The theory of stakeholder theory is now the most frequently mobilized both by researchers as actors in the business. She entered the company at the heart of a set of descents with partners who are not onl y shareholders (Shareholders), but players interested in or affected by the activities and business decisions. The stakeholder theory is not exempt from a normative vision and ethics but it seeks to integrate economic goals it states that cooperation contracts establish trust between the firm and its stakeholders and provides a competitive advantage the company. One might approve whether the inclusion of stakeholder expectations is not rather the result of traditional rules of management that the outcome of a deliberative process of integrating moral principles.Despite its omnipresence in all the literature on corporate social responsibility, this theory remains ambiguous about its theoretical basis and presents a number of limitations. On the one hand, it is part of a relational representation of the organization based on fair contracts that involve conflicts of interest may be resolved by ensuring a maximization of the interests of each group. On the other hand, it would be unre alistic to consider a comprehensive consideration of all potential stakeholders. The rationality of leaders is unavoidably limited by the urgency of the problems, pressures and randomness systems available to them that they decided to put in place. A first theoretical approach suggests that the company is more successful socially it is more efficient economically and financially. Instead, the company testament be more economically efficient and less it will be socially. Finally, beyond these two extreme views, it is possible to consider the assumptions of positive and negative synergy that cross the different conceptual foundations. With these assumptions also added a generic assumption of neutrality of interactions Gond, 2001) and anticipate a more complex relationship.5. CSR and financial performance Many theoretical explanationsThe theoretical explanations to clarify the nature of the relationship between societal and financial performance are numerous. They can be organized into three distinct categories explanations postulating the existence of linear relationships between these two constructs, explanations suggesting no link between the two constructs, and at long last explanations assume the existence of nonlinear relationships between these two variables.5.1 The models suggest a positive link between CSR and performanceTwo theoretical models support the idea of a positive impact of CSR on financial performance (Social Impact Hypothesis) and the assumption of funds available as excess resources available to discretionary managers or Organizational Slack (Available Fund Hypothesis). According to the guesswork of positive social impact, companies with a high level of CSR demonstrate their ability to master the implicit costs and negative externalities of the organization and report to stakeholders and the quality of their management. The theory of stakeholders (Stakeholders theory) that establishes the hypothesis of the influence of social practice s, has created a vast literature on the interaction between CSR and firm performance (Freeman, 1984, Cornell and Shapiro, 1987 Ullmann, 1985, Clarkson 1995, Donaldson and Preston, 1995) Satisfaction with the business objectives of stakeholders promotes the improvement of economic and financial performance (Freeman, 1984).The second model, that of Organizational Slack addresses the link between social performance and economic performance by proposing the idea that this is not the social responsibility that is the condition for obtaining a high level financial performance but, instead, the level of financial performance which allows the company to engage in socially responsible actions. Mc Guire et al, (1988) reported that financial performance could improve the level of social performance and their work has been partly confirmed those by Preston et al, (1991). The profitability of the business differential is then a condition of social behavior Kraft and Hadges (1990) have shown tha t excess resources and the attitude of managers towards society strongly influence the level of responsibility social enterprises.5.2 The models suggest a negative relationship between CSR and financial performanceUnlike the two previous(prenominal) models, others say that companies realize the best social performance are also those with the worst economic performance and vice versa in this spirit, a negative relationship between societal performance and financial performance dominates. The literature suggests two models that assume a negative relationship between CSR and performance, distinguished by the nature of causality assumed. The first model Trade-Off Hypothesis or assumptions arbitration assumes that the inclusion of corporate social responsibility involves extra financial costs resulting thence a competitive disadvantage (Friedman, 1962, 1970). In this perspective, any move away from socially responsible leaders of their goal of maximizing net (Aupperle, Carroll and Ha tzfeld, 1985). Drucker (1984, p.58) states that making a profit is fundamentally incompatible with the social responsibility of business5.3 The models suggest a positive or negative synergyThe typology developed by Preston and OBannon (1997) suggests two hypotheses that are based on different theoretical approaches outlined above. Indeed, in the context of a comprehensive model explaining it is possible to envisage a virginal circle (positive synergy) a high level of social performance leads to improved financial performance that provides the opportunity to reinvest in social actions responsible (Waddock and Graves, 1997). In contrast, a low level of societal performance led to a decline in financial performance limits, therefore, socially responsible investment (negative synergy).5.4 The models suggest a missing linkThe conceptual contributions of Mc Williams and Siegel (2001) lead Gond (2001) to complete the typology of Preston and O Bannon (1997) by formulating the hypothesis of no link between the two dimensions. Indeed, Mc Williams and Siegel (2001) propose a model of fork out and demand for social responsibility that helps explain the lack of consensus results obtained by empirical academic studies. According to them, there is a supply and demand for social responsibility, in a standard micro, who led each of them to invest socially to meet the demand of stakeholders. Market equilibrium cancels costs and profits generated by successively supply of social responsibility. This approach leads to a hypothesis of neutrality of interactions between social performance and financial performance.5.5 The models suggest a more complex relationshipThe results obtained by Bowman and Haire (1975) led Moore (2001) also refine the typology of Preston and OBannon (1997) and the hypothesis of positive relationship between more complex two-dimensional. Indeed, Bowman and Haire (1975) but also, more recently, Barnett and Salomon (2003) showed a non-linear U-shaped inverte d between social performance and financial performance, indicating an optimum level beyond which socially responsible investment longer improves financial performance. The multiplicity of theoretical hypotheses advanced to explain the nature of interactions between CSR and financial performance has led to develop empirical tests to define the conditions of validity of the various mechanisms invoked..6. CSR and financial performance empirical approachesClarification of the economic impact of CSR has always been a major concern in the field of study on the relationship between business and society. It is therefore not surprising that empirical work on this issue have been really numerous, there were in 2007 more than 160 empirical studies on the subject. This work focused on the nature of interactions between the firms ability to achieve a high level of CSR and financial performance by studying the interactions between on the one hand, social performance (or societal) Company (CSR) a nd, secondly, its financial performance (FP). These interactions have been studied mainly through two levels of analysis we will present successivelyMany publications over the last twenty years have highlighted the link between social responsibility and financial performance of the company. But these studies show conflicting results do not establish clearly the existence of a positive or negative relationship between social responsibility and financial firms (Preston and OBannon, 1997 Griffin and Mahon, 1997 Mac Williams and Siegel , 2001, Margolis and Walsh, 2002). The lack of theoretical foundation and conceptual studies, lack of uniformity in evaluation of social responsibility and financial and methodological shortcomings found explain the poor results obtained. Studies most recent research (Griffin and Mahon, 1997 Roman Hayibor and Agle, 1999, Margolis and Walsh, 2003) found a slight advantage for the detection of positive links between societal performance and financial perfor mance . The synthesis of the literature identifies 122 studies published between 1971 and 2001 with an accelerating pace of recently published (35 studies between 1997 and 2001) and far (2007) on more than 160 empirical studies on this subject, but also this research were sometimes biased in the direction of the illumination of a positive relationship. For example, the 122 education cubic decimetre and claim a positive association between social responsibility and financial performance twenty get mixed results, twenty seven indicate no ties and seven observed a negative relationship.6.1 The hypothesis of impact-social Social Impact HypothesisAccording to (Freeman 1984, Donaldson and Preston, 1995), stakeholder theory has explained the origin of the favorable influence social behavior on financial performance. Indeed, CSR is an indicator of the ability of business to effectively meet the demands of various stakeholders. This has consequently regained their confidence and thus improv e profitability (Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998). Waddock and Graves (1997) speak of Good Management Theory that there is a high correlation between good management practice and CSR, simply because an improvement in social activity entails a special relationship with Key Stakeholders Groups (Freeman, 1984), implying more performance. In addition, a review of empirical literature confirms a positive relationship between the two components (Mc Guire et al, 1988 Waddock and Graves, 1997 Preston and OBannon, 1997 Verschoor, 1998, Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998 Mc Williams and Siegel, 2000, Moore 2001, Ruf et al, 2001, Orlitsky, 2001 Kohers and Simpson, 2002). Allouche and Laroche (2005) identified 82 research, 75 of them have found a positive link, while Margolis and Walsh (2003) who counted 54 out of 127 studies confirming the positive relationship. Hence our first hypothesis H1 Social responsibility has a positive impact on financial performance.6.2 The Trade-Off HypothesisThis hypot hesis refers to the classical theory of Friedman (1962, 1970) that CSR is an investment that increases costs and takes place at the expense of financial performance. For example a decision to invest in equipment acquisition environmentally friendly while other competitors do not, can generate a competitive disadvantage. Hence the reduction in profitability which may cause discontent among shareholders. This finding was also confirmed by Aupperle et al, (1985), the authors conclude that social activities such as donation to charity, environmental protection and community development dissipate more resources and generate additional costs, which disadvantages the company against its competitors less engaged in social actions. Searches return the negative relationship to abnormalities in particular methodological tools to measure financial performance. The negative association is due to the use of market variables as a measure of financial performance (Griffin and Mahon, 1997). In reali ty, the number of studies that lead to a negative relationship is very small, Margolis and Walsh (2003) identify 127 studies dealing with the subject in question, and they found that only 8 of them expect a negative correlation between the two dimensions. of where our second hypothesis H2 The social responsibility has a negative impact on financial performance.6.3 The lack of connection between the two dimensionsSome authors suggest that CSR and financial performance are both built entirely separate. Ullmann (1995) emphasizes that the link from a pure coincidence. The correlation is generated, according to the author, by intervening variables that occur in an unpredictable behavior and that link the two constructs. Meanwhile, Waddock and Graves (1997) show that the methodological problems in operationalizing CSR tend to obscure the link. A multitude of empirical studies have provided no link between the two dimensions (Aupperle et al, 1985 Fogler and Nutt, 1975 Abbot and Monsen, 19 79, Freedman and Jaggi, 1986 ONeil, Mark Saunders and Carthey 1989 Seifert, Maris and Barkus, 2004, Graves and Waddock, 1999). Others state that the link is weak or nonexistent (Alexander and Bchholz 1978, Cochran and Wood, 1984 Krauz and Pava, 1996 Berman et al, 1999 Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, Seifert and Morris Barktkus , 2003). Griffin and Mahon (1997), Balaban, Hugh and Jonathan (1998) found that the results are inconclusive the variables selected do not distinguish between successful firms and inefficient firms. In this context, our third hypothesis H3 There is no link between social responsibility and financial performance.7. CSR and financial performance The effect of control variablesResearch has shown that the relationship between CSR and financial performance is not absolute, it must take into account the weight of the elements of each company (Ullmann, 1985 Waddock and Graves, 1997) and are likely to moderate the relationship between the two constructs. These cha racteristics are operationalized as control variables.7.1 The effect riskThe risk is variable, with several studies in different contexts have shown that it controls the relationship between the two dimensions. The argument assumes the risk that companies have a low risk to commit advantage in social activities, and vice versa. Companies with low risk have a stable performance model, and therefore, this situation seems very conducive to investment in social activities (Roberts, 1992). Aupperle et al, (1985) postulate that firms more socially responsible are identified as being better managed and risks are minimal. This finding is especially approved by the study of Mc Guire et al, (1988) ONeil, Mark Saunders and Carthey (1989), Waddock and Graves (1997), Graves and Waddock (1999). In contrast, Aupperle et al, (1985) found a correlation, positive correlation between CSR and risk accounting, and negative but not significant between CSR and market risk.7.2 The effect sizeThe argument f or the size stipulated that organizations undertake major advantage in social actions small organizations do not give importance to social activity (Waddock and Graves, 1997). Burke et al, (1986) argue that companies, as and as they grow, give more attention to external factors and better meet the demands of stakeholders, Stanwick and Stanwick (1998) found that size, measured by the passel of sales and total assets is positively related to CSR. Mc Guire et al (1988) find a positive but not significant between CSR and the size measured by total assets.7.3 The effect sectorThe sector as designed in the literature is a moderating effect of CSR and PF relationship, eg the extent of the consideration of environmental responsibility by a chemical company is not the same a financial institution. A plurality of researchers took into account the control variable as in include Waddock and Graves, 1997, Griffin and Mahon, 1997, Graves and Waddock, 1999 Balabanis, Hugh and Jonathan, 1998, McWi lliams and Siegel 2000, Moore 2001, Ruf et al, 2001 Seifer, Morris and Barktkus, 2003.2004.8. theoretical model9. METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCHThe objective of empirical research is to empirically test our research hypotheses and the theoretical model proposed. In order to test the validity of our assumptions on a sample drawn from all Tunisian companies, we proceeded by two steps the first is to measure the perception of Tunisian companies to the concept of CSR and then study the impact of this latest financial performance. Through our research, we chose the method of direct interview, and for several reasons, we conduct a field investigation, by adopting the technique of direct investigation on the basis of a questionnaire. The survey covered a sample of 30 Tunisian companies selected from different sectors.9.1 The racing shell of measurement of CSR predictorFor measurement of CSR, we will adopt that developed by Maignan et al (1999), which forms part of the work on measuring social pe rformance. This scale operationalizes the concept of social performance by measuring the dimensions of the construct. In fact, two major scales have been developed in this perspective The oldest is that of Aupperle, Carroll and Hatfield (1985) measuring the orientation of managers towards social responsibility, the latest and most complete is that of organizational citizenship Maignan et al. (1999), reused by Maignan and Ferrell (2001).These two instruments take over the traditional classification in four types of social responsibilities of Carroll (1979) economic, legal, ethical and discretionary or philanthropic organizations that are a reflection of society see the company actively engaged in its local environment and / or global defense of social causes and public interest.Regarding the scale of Aupperle et al (1985), it is intended to measure only the views of leaders on the relative importance of each of the four dimensions of social responsibility of business.While the scale of Maignan et al. (1999) is designed to gather perceptions of the social performance of the business stakeholders throughout the company (Maignan and Ferrell, 2001). Indeed, the scale was constructed from academic studies describing activities commonly accepted as citizens by the three main stakeholders ie employees, customers, stakeholders public. These authors manage this work, mainly to executives (Maignan et al 1999, Maignan and Ferrell, 2001) to have completed the questionnaire as relevant as the leaders and general information about the company cutting.Hence, our questionnaire has five dimensions are those of Carroll (1979), added an environmental dimension whose items are inspired by the Global Compact (1999). This choice is argued by the importance it attaches to the environment today, and the pressures that companies face to reflect the impact of its activities on the environment in which it operates, it is relevant namely the impact of the inclusion of the natural environm ent on the financial performance of Tunisian firms.

Explain details about word processing.

Explain details about word treat.Q.N. 1 a. Explain Details about Word touch on.AnswerWord Processing is the essential tools for construct of documents. in that respect argon dissimilar type of computer chopine that process on words available in mart, but most popular use is Microsoft Word. Microsoft Words ease of use has made World one of the most widely used word processing application currently on the market since it allows for compatibility across multiple computers as well as collaborative feature. Word is fairly simple program to use for completing simple tasks.Let us consider an office scene. Many letters are typed in the office. The officer dictates a letter. The typist first types a draft copy of the letter. The officer goes through it to discover mistakes regarding spelling errors, missing words, etc. and suggests corrections. The typist changes the letter as suggested by the officer. This is a simple example of word processing. Not still that, Word processing as w ell as refers to editing the document, creating the document and printing the document.The document is the combination of letters, sentence, symbol, graphs, chart and pictures. If we, creates such type of document using computer application then it is called word processing. There are various types of computer programs that manipulate word and pictures, but most popular word processing is Microsoft Word. Notepad, Word Pad is also types of word Processing but while comparing the facility that provides to work on document, Microsoft word is best word processor in now a day. Not only that, there are many software packages to do the job of word processing. Some of them work in DOS environment. Examples are WordStar, Word Perfect and superior Write. But in these days working in WINDOWS is becoming more and more popular. So let us consider software for word processing which works in WINDOWS. Our choice is MSWORD because it is the most popular software in these days.Opening Word processin g MS-WORD To run word on our computer we set out to go on Start Button Programs Microsoft Office Microsoft Office Word 2003. If there is an icon of the MS-WORD available on our desktop, we send away open up the program by double moveing it, as well.Making New text file.When we open parvenue word, then a new document is automatically opened, which is ready for making the new document. If not, then we can begin a new blank document in a variety of ways.Firstly, we have to fine the New Blank Document icon, which looks like a blank sheet of paper, located under the menu bar in MS-Word in what is called the Standard Toolbar. Click on that icon and we install new document.Opening a Document.To open to edit, view or print document, we must first open up that file in word sheet.We can open a file by clicking on the Open folder icon located in the standard toolbar, or simply pre CTRL+O.Saving Document.When we are working in any sort of media in any software, we should first save o ur work in some devices. In MS-WORD, there are various option for saving documents in a variety of file types.To Save a new, or editing file or unsaved document, we can click Save icon, shaped like a disk located on standard toolbar. Or simply we press CTRL+S.Then a dialogue misfortune will appear, offering us for file name, location of the file, file type andothers option.There are various things about word processing, but most of the popular things are described above.

Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Businesses

Impact of the Global fiscal Crisis on BusinessesHow and why the fiscal crisis was transmitted to line of products? To what achievement can the new regulatory framework prevent the same misunderstandings from occurring twice?Financial crisis, the word most mentioned during the last seven years, people may postulation about why it take so long time to recover and how many descentes were been affected. There is no exactly number about how many business went to bankrupt, but at least we know that in comparison with seven years ago, the business methods all(prenominal)ow been changed in order to be more wide-awake and to survive in the fiscal crisis.The new monetary laws come out in polar countries in order to improve their economic growth, because nobody motives to represent again the difficult moment as seven years ago. Remembering how the financial crisis started, and how it affected our live style, beside of to know how to prevent it we induct besides started to shape about the mistakes that we have made in order to non repeat it again in the prospective. Backing in this case, because we atomic number 18 the main actor who acquire the financial crisis, and nowadays we are taking the bad consequences about it.Focusing on the business, in the context of economic globalization that we are living nowadays, the bear upon of the spread of the financial crisis has apparent in different business affecting directly to their business activities as well as investing activities and financing activities.confront with the financial crisis, companies in the business activities have to reduce inventory, lower their aim courts, strengthen precaution of accounts receivable, in the investing activities, they have to reduce investment expense to improve majuscule efficiency, to seize the investment opportunities in order to improve rightfulness investments, and in financing activities, they have to increase the proportion of loans and take utility of bi rthable accounts.As the Wall Street investment bank giant Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, the US subprime mortgage crisis in evolved rare way in the global financial crisis, the world economy has had a major impact. In the context of economic globalization, the companies of different countries have not been spared, the impact of the financial crisis to those companies has blend more evident.I pull up stakes explain in bellow how the financial crisis has affected in different activities in the companies. In this case we can focus on the pastime factors in order to have a clear analysis.The impact on operating income.There were many uncertainties and potential risks of financial crisis, so that people awe the rise in the degree of risk of future employment status and income expectation. When there is poor earnings expectations, people ordain reduce unnecessary consumption. The consequences provide be that people stop consuming because their future prospects of the financial crisis e nvironment was pessimist, and at same time which ca utilize directly the revenue decline in different business. All those factor contributed the economic decline worldwide.The impact on inventory.From a global commercialise perspective, under the influence of subordinated debt, the developed regions hardest withdraw, the demand of goods in the business is declining.First half of 2008, affected by global inflation, corpo enumerate purchase of raw material prices, freight increase (global petrol prices), leading to increased live of raw materials companies, way outing in the production of goods and manufacturing costs increase accordingly. If not compensated for the price, corporate profits will be compressed. Enterprises are in a transmutation process of inflation and financial crisis, the orders from the raw materials were often low because the increase of the price which cause directly the production and the pricing.The value will shrink a lot. The more business preparation, m ay afford to lose more. If the turnover rate of raw materials business is slow, and the expensive products are difficult to compete with low-cost products, it will make companies get in trouble. In addition, different inventory valuation methods will result in product backlog. For example, according to the FIFO method, the business inventories have to be included in the purchase of raw materials, the product cost, cost to be digested by the high price, and during the financial crisis, people do not want to spend a higher price to the consumption, resulting in product sales is not formed out of the backlog.Impact on accounts receivable.Affected by the financial crisis, overseas corporate default rates began to rise, further deterioration of the business of external credit. According to statistics, in May 2008, the local enterprises overseas bad debt rate have grew by about 268 %. Recovery of the purchase price is the full life line, set up a business in the future, according to the s ources of funding, which are basically by loan recovery, expand the market, but there is no corresponding mechanism for the recovery of money, and ultimately to bring liquidity shortage, companies eventually will operate difficultly in this process. Increased bad debts or bad debts, taking up excessive liquidity in the enterprises, SMEs, if financing difficulties will inevitably result in cash flow difficulties of enterprises, companies lose the capital, just as humans lose the blood, many enterprises may walk on the edge of life and death, the political party today hey, tomorrow may collapse.The impact on operating expenses.Weaken existing market demand, so companies have to rethink new markets, including international markets and domestic markets. In order to expanding domestic demand, so that export-oriented enterprises to offensive domestic market. In order to place in this market, it is necessary to find a way to at large(p) it. And the main action is increase the domestic m arket share, considering that the best way to open the domestic market is to increase ad spending. Since the original domestic market enterprises in the market accounted for a leading position, export-oriented enterprises will offensive fierce competition with domestic enterprises. Intense competition in the market forcing companies to increase the cost of sales and profit margin compression. Of course, open up new international markets also have to pay more of the cost of sales.Impact on take cost.Because the financial crisis, it is became more expensive to fire the employers, which makes companies stop hire new employers in order to reduce their labor cost. This action has affected directly to the labor market, because there are still a lot of people looking for a job, as the result, people start looking the better job opportunities in other countries and caused as we know the brain drain.Effect of equity investments.Influenced by investor expectations of the future, surrounding the stock market crash, 2008 in the secondary market for or so(prenominal) stock investment companies is a disaster of the year. Not to mention the investment income, many have now lost even the principal. For some enterprises, investment entities, payable to the poor performance by investment companies, investment companies are allocated to dividends invested enterprises naturally reduced, or even no bonus. Therefore, some companies are considering the sale of subsidiaries, equity investments decrease. precisely for some small and medium-sized enterprises affected by the financial crisis, the danger lies opportunity. Now new opportunities for enterprise restructuring and supply chain strategic acquisitions.For example, the Big Three US automakers Chrysler go bankrupt if it originally to Chrysler as the leading supply chain will be interrupted immediately, those who do contract work for Chrysler, spare move supply, logistics transit, channel, terminal services, and the same fo r those providers secondary product supply, services and raw materials Distance sub-suppliers, distributors who will completely lose the basis of survival.In order to prevent all the impact that we have mentioned before, the following recommendations could be useful for companies which is operating during financial crisis. They may not going to be the perfect solutions, however, they will give us a clear idea about how to face and how to act in the difficult moment. swerve the inventory.Product demand weakened, difficult to sell their products at once, in which case only a variety of promotional methods to reduce inventory to net realizable funds as quickly as possible. If there were some unmarketable products, we should act decisively, even if production is discontinued or partial pressure, do not let inventories continue to increase. Because the formation of product inventory, not only harder to sell slow-moving products, more important is the product price, likely to cause new lo sses. Primary Material inventory too, they do not affect the sane production, it should bear witness to do short-term purchase, so raw material inventory to a minimum line to maximize the amount of funds used to narrow the inventory turnover. Product sales to adhere to the cash is king concept, the implementation of cash transactions, or a shorter termination to promote the sale of credit receivables.Reduce the labor costs.During the Financial crisis, the companies had a hard time, enterprises are facing the risk of suspension or discontinued, dismissed or forced to dismiss employees. For businesses, they do not want this to occur, not to mention according to the Labor Contract Law in different countries, the enterprises laid off or dismissed employee cost is not small. Therefore, the enterprise benefit drops or downtime, it can adopt flexible working hours, to arrange staff rotation or waiting list.Choose Payment of fight to workers of all or part of their wages or even just s end living expenses, both to reduce labor costs, but also to endorsement the basic livelihood of employees, so that employees feel the caring companies and work harder, but also reflects the companys social responsibility.The financial crisis has brought to the enterprise not only dangerous, but also to business opportunities. For some of the less affected by the financial crisis and better focussing of the enterprise, then the introduction of senior professionals is a great opportunity, because when people terminal cost. There are always hands-on experience of senior personnel shortage, this time just to dig people abroad. In a sense, at a low price to buy the high-level talent, but also a reduction in labor costs of business performance. Use of personnel for the future development of enterprises to provide a guarantee.Strengthen the management of accounts receivable.Faced with the financial crisis, companies should be based on the idea of cash is king, according to the market seat and make the appropriate changes, to minimize the amount of accounts receivable and credit terms. The larger the amount of accounts receivable, indicating funds purchase units occupy the unit more the longer the period of credit receivables, indicating that the longer purchase units occupy the unit of time.Therefore, to strengthen the management of accounts receivable. Existing accounts receivable has been formed, it can promote cash discount to attract individually other early payments, such as payments within 30 days, give 2-3% cash discount or a higher cash discount, and more than 30 days is not to discount.For possible bad debts or bad debts, should act as soon as possible, such as debt restructuring mode, can recover how lots to recover the maximum extent possible to reduce the losses. For the existing products sold Sale, delivery or the month should do the knot and other payment methods. Cannot pay the purchase price or the ability to pay poor business, under exceptional circumstances rather not accept the order. If the goods issue of money existence paid, because the product is easy to form a substantial price dispute, but also easy because of the other closed, bankruptcy and other reasons cannot find the debtor and become headless account, to the enterprise caused undue loss. How to speed up a reflux of funds? First, from starting their own businesses, while reducing inventory and strengthen the management of accounts receivable. In addition to increasing the recovery of accounts receivable, the use of the hands of the receivables in the bank financing is also an effective way to revitalize the capital.Financial glide path in investing activities.Faced to the financial crisis, different companies have different investment strategies. For deeply affected by the crisis, and low interest, cash-strapped companies to cut costs, reduce investment spending for some medium-sized enterprises affected by the financial risk has little effect, and effectiv e, well-funded, should seize the investment opportunities, improve equity investment.To reduce the investments spending and improve the capital utilization.Most of our business is driven by investment growth, and sources of funding such investment, in addition to the majority of enterprises have accumulated bank loans or equity financing. Own funds of enterprises invested substantially all operations. In the context of the financial crisis, the excessive dependence on bank loans and equity financing for investment, is not realistic. Because hit by the financial crisis, the bank credit crunch, the stock market plummeted, and remains in the doldrums. For most companies, limited funds can only be used wisely, enterprises should take the initiative to stop the long investment cycle, large-scale investment projects, the limited funds use security production for survival, protection stamina up. A number of new investment projects should see more than move, blind investment companies into deeper causes.All those advises that have mentioned before could be an effective solution to face the financial crisis, however, fix the actual economic system and more control in the sense of the investment and mortgage in order to prevent that the same error happened for twice.In this case, we are not only talking about the banking or investment entities, but the government. From my point of view, the financial crisis happened not only because the bad management of those financial entities, but the government has also the major responsibilities, since they let the companies follow the crisis trend which means, no one of them has thought about the consequences could be.Of course, nowadays the government try their best in the sense of economic recovery, some of the countries saw the result very soon, but others are still suffering the financial crisis consequences, countries as Greece, Italy, Spain and so on, they are the most affected countries in Europe, people may ask about why t heres some countries only take hardly a(prenominal) years to recover the economic and other which still in the recession. And the only answer will be the government decision making, if they made a excoriate one, it may benefit to whole country, if not, as we have already see with some countries, cut in public funds, as education or wellness and so on.So in order to make sure that it is not going to happened again, the main recommendation is to start to stablish some specific financial rules for financial entities as well as for countries, make sure everything are under control and once detect again the appeal of other financial crisis, at least they are ready to face it and make sure the economic damage is going to be as low as possible.Even though we are still in the recession process, and there are still a lot of enterprises fighting for survive in this crucial moment, however we should have an optimistic vision about the future, since Xiao Jing YeLetter account 2500REFERENCESAl tunbas, Yener. Manganelli Simone and Ibanez Marques David. (2011).Risk during the Financial Crisis. Do Business matter? European Central Bank. Retrieved 02/05/2015, fromhttps//www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1394.pdfCole Rebel A. (2012) How Did the Financial Crisis Affect Small Business Lending in the United States? DePaul University Chicago. Retrieved 02/05/2015, from https//www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/rs399tot.pdfFox Justin (2013). What weve learned from the Financial Crisis. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 02/05/2015, fromhttps//hbr.org/2013/11/what-weve-learned-from-the-financial-crisisHONG LIANG YU (2009). Impact of Financial Crisis on Finance corporate. JiangXi Provincial Party School of CPC, Nanchang 33003, China. Retrieved 02/05/2015, from http//www.nai.edu.cn/mscaaf/info/b2/14.pdfPerlberg Steven (2014). The 27 Scariest Moments of the Financial Crisis. Business Insider. Retrieved 02/05/2015, from http//www.businessinsider.com/financial-crisis-scariest-mome nts-2014-9?op=1ixzz3ZRU8g85g (2014). . -. Retrieved 02/05/2015, fromhttp//www.diyilunwen.com/lwfw/gjmy/6178.html-.2010.-. 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Democracy And Electoral Process In Nigeria Politics Essay

Democracy And Electoral Process In Nigeria Politics EssayThe wave of decolonisation by and by knowledge base War II has led to a number of Third World nations, attempting to govern themselves through Western-style democratic Institutions. Al well-nigh all of them keep failed. There have been various theories of democratic stability and explanations of democratic failure. In general, these theories agree that poor nations, with massive socio economic development needs and high popular expectation as poorly integrated nations, with deep ethnic divisions and as politically underdeveloped nations, with fragile party system, weak administrative bureaucracies, and little experience with the give-and-take of thumping representative institutions, Third world nations, at their present levels of development, have little realistic hope of sustaining democratic institutions.According to Diamond (1988) the democratic renaissance in Africa has been led by the continents wealthiest and most pop ulous nation, Nigeria. There was huge expectation after the return of power to civilian elected government in 1979, after thirteen age of military rule. This was to be a crucial test of liberal democracy in Africa (Sklar 1982). The system collapsed in less than four years as a result of massive corruption, mismanagement and electoral violence and fraud. This led to the military coup of 1983.Democracy is defined as a political system which meets three essential conditions, namely, meaningful and extensive competition among individuals and political parties a highly inclusive level of political participation in the infusion of leaders and policies and a level of civil and political liberties sufficient to tick the integrity of political competition and participation. Other concepts related to these are democratic stability, the likelihood of its enduring over time, particularly through periods of unusual conflict, strain and crisis. Democratic theorists stress the peculiar degree t o which the stability of democracy depends on a widespread belief in its legitimacy.Democracy as it is practised in Western nations such as the united States usually involve a thorough work out of contestant endurances. This culminates in the primaries within individual parties. In this system, the party vista is picked based on the acceptance of the individuals manifesto. There is also party loyalty and candidates do not defect to other parties or form entirely tonic ones if they do not win the primaries. In such systems, the total funds elevated by each candidate are also monitored. This system is also transparent and voters are confident in the system to ensure that the best candidate wins.Democracy and Electoral process in NigeriaAccording to J. Herskovits (1979), Nigeria rejected Britains parliamentary form of democracy which they had continued after independence in 1960 and chose the get-go in all Nigerian-made constitution, to follow the American model instead. This c hoice was made with characteristic pragmatism Nigeria, like the United States, is large, complex, and heterogeneous. There was therefore the notion that What works for America may work for Nigeria. Nigerias form of government looks familiar to the American style as the president has a four year term and has a possibility of a second term. The national assembly is bicameral, with a senate and a house of representatives distributed among the states by population. There is also the apex judiciary court known as the ultimate Court.Nigerias transition towards democracy has only begun. The re-establishment of an elected government after decades of military rule in 1999 formed merely a starting point in a transition process towards a democratic society-a transition that can be expected to take many years. Democratic government in its plentiful sense comprises a wide area of issues a very important one among them is the creation of accountcapable institutions (Harneit-Sievers 2004). Poli tical parties form another core multitude of institutions in any functioning democratic system. Under current Nigerian conditions, however, most political parties are merely zero-issue alliances of influential individuals and small groups who are able to control and, often enough manipulate party structures, candidacies and even the electoral process itself.In Nigeria, a major issue impeding democracy is the selection process of political office holders. This is because so far, the country has been unable to hold free, fair and credible elections. The 2003 elections were billed as a landmark as it was the first time since independence in 1960 that political leadership changed hands from one civilian to another (Herskovits 2007). The election results showed overwhelming victories for the ruling party, PDP as the presidential victor received 70 percent of the votes. According to international and domestic observers alike, the elections themselves were disastrous with even more than rigging and violence than during the previous presidential elections in 1999. The agree up to the elections also witnessed the assassination of two gubernatorial front runners and violent election related incidents.Based on how expensive partisan politics is in Nigeria, governments at all levels will rather starve other sector than lave their electoral ambition to suffer funding. This is apart from the fact that in most places, governance has almost been suspended for scheming ahead of the polls. As a result, Nigerians may therefore have to wait till elections are completed to approve several social amenities promised during the last tenure.The electoral process has also witnessed legal challenges as contestants take election winners to court to contest such results. A memorable case of this is the Osun State elections which were overruled after three and half years. The election result stated that the incumbent governor, Oyinlola won the elections. The opposition took the elect ion result to court. During the probe process, it was discovered using biometric machine that several people has voted up to 30 times each for the incumbent governor. The court therefore asked that this votes be cancelled. This led to the opposition candidate Raufu Aregbesola becoming the governor. As a result of almost four years of uncertainty in the state, local and foreign investors lost confidence in the state. As a result, several companies already operating in the state closed and moved to other states. This led to massive retrenchment and increased unemployment in the state. It also caused a reduction in state revenue generated.The electoral process in Nigeria has a negative impact on the country in general. This is because revenue that could be used to provide infrastructure needed by business are used for funding elections. This has led to continuous borrowing and shortage reckon for year 2011. The total budget for the 2011 elections released by INEC was put at N89billi on ($659million). In the federal budget for 2011, another N46.4 billion has been allocated to the same elections. Indeed, the total budgetary allocation for elections is about N133 billion naira. It is important to state that INECs budget for 2011 dwarfs the budget of most states of the federation. Osun state has budget of N88.1 billion, Kwara state N68.6 billion and Edo has a budget of N106 billion. It is also important to note that this would be funded by government borrowing. When compared to other developing countries such as Bangladesh, India and Ghana, the cost on per capita basis in Nigeria was more than double. INECs N74 billion on voters register amounts to N1, 138 per capita for 65 million registered voters. Ghana conducted its 2008 elections at the cost of $40million which amounts to $3 per capita.The instability caused by flawed elections has led to a flagellum to foreign investment. As a developing country, Nigeria undeniable foreign investment to survive. The use of large sums of revenue for funding elections rather than developing infrastructure demand for investment makes the country less desirable to investors. As a result, there is lack of confidence in the country. The political violence and killings have also abnormal the countrys image abroad. There is also a threat to security as assassination of political aspirants and kidnap of their families is becoming rampant.Recently, the government has taken various measures to ensure free and fair elections in Nigeria. This was affirmed by the sack of former INEC boss, Maurice Iwu who was widely accused of corruption and complacency in electoral result manipulation. The new INEC boss, Jega has committed to ensuring a free and fair election in the country. There has also been the amendment of the electoral law in Nigeria in order to further trim the widespread election rigging in the country.ConclusionThe issue of political instability has affected the activities of multinational companies in Nigeria the oil companies in the oil cryptical delta where kidnap is rampant have been seriously affected. Most multinational companies are currently closing their business and relocating to other countries with more favourable environment and required infrastructure. The level of uncertainty and instability disrupts the profit hunt and causes inability to meet corporate targets. In the political foyer, some groups have been neglected which is not a practice of true democracy as power is been controlled by the dominant party with large resources.In order to reduce the problem of election rigging, Nigeria has to be firm in its commitment to providing free and fair election. This goes beyond paying lip service. The INEC also should be given more powers in order to rule out it been manipulated by the government. There is also the increased need for foreign observers to train and sensitise INEC officials and also to monitor elections.

England :: essays research papers

History of England The Ice Age ended about 8000 BC, during which the Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons lived in Great Britain. Because of the melting ice the water level rose and the English Channel was created, making Great Britain an island. The Middle Stone Age passed in this tender forest and swamp, followed by the New Stone Age when the practice of farming began. During this period a lot of new mess came to Britain. By 2500 BC the Beaker people had moved there. They were named after their pottery, and noted for their bronze tools and huge stone monuments, like Stonehenge. These Monuments prove they had an excellent economic organization as well as their good skill and ability. Around 1000 BC the Celts took over the British Isles, they also took over most of western Europe. Because of their iron plows, iron weapons, and horse-drawn chariots, they were able to civilise over the inhabitants of the islands. Their priests dominated their society. King Alfred became king of Wessex in one of Englands darkest hours. The Danes, viking forces that had raided the English coasts in the 8th century, planned to take over England. All that stood in their expressive style were Wessex and Alfred. After Alfreds victory at Edington in 878 AD he made the danish pastry king Guthrum accept baptism and a division of England took place. The two parts were Wessex and Danelaw. By creating a navy, reorganizing the militia, allowing warriors to switch between farming and fighting, and building forts, Alfred was able to take over London and begin to take over tthe Danish. The battel to take over the Danish was completed by Alfreds son, Edward the Elder, and by his grandson Athelstan. Athelstan won a battle at Brunanburth in 937 AD and most of the rest of the century was peaceful. Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury was able to indemnify the Church. The conquest of the Danelaw meant the creation of unified government for all of England. Despite this the Danish invasions came agai n during Ethelred IIs reign. In 1154 Henry II took the throne. During his reign he strengthened the government, essential the common law, created the grand jury, and attempted to reduce the jurisdiction of church courts. He was opposed by Thomas Becket, his former chancellor, who King Henry had made archbishop. His pettishness at Becket led to his murder. His empire included half of France and lordship over Ireland and Scotland.

Robert Hughes Culture of Complaint: the Fraying of American :: Hughes Robert Essays

Robert Hughes Culture of Complaint the Fraying of American Robert Hughes, a native Australian, spent twenty years in the United States and assumed some traits that be typical of Americans before publishing Culture of Complaint the Fraying of America. His evaluation finds that America is a country more centre on appearance than heartyity. Americans would or else complain than change. Instead of analyzing the problem of American culture, Hughes attempts to present himself as an ideal critic, scholar, and journalist. He seems more concerned with reputation that academics. deal the work of Alexis de Tocqueville, which has remained the benchmark for the engage of American culture since the 1830s, Hughes wants his theories to become widely read and universally accepted. Some of Culture of Complaint is interesting and insightful, however, Hughes comes off as the typical American that he chastises in his writing arrogant, inconsiderate of others, and above all, full of complaints. Hughes overemphasizes Americas infatuation with political correctness, but fails to understand the real issue. It is undeniably true that no sifting of words is going to reduce the amount of bigotry in this or any other society (21). However, anti-Semite(a) labels are prevalent in American society which remind minority groups of their inferior status. The professional football team in our nations keen is called the Redskins. This moniker is the result of a politically incorrect past that has not been rectified. governmental correctness intends to change the way we label things so that minority groups are not excluded or demeaned. for sure Hughes would object to calling a rugby team in Australia the Sydney Blackies. Hughes was right in understanding that political correctness give not cause striking changes, but racism in any form, no matter how small, is bad for society. Regardless, he spends too much time discussing this issue. Political correctness warranted more financi al aid for Hughes than it does in the national media today. It is quite telling that only five years after its publication this material is already outdated. throughout Hughes text the reader is bombarded with the tedious, albeit extensive, litany of his readings. He has read a lot of books in the last forty-five years, since (he) became a conscious and addicted reader at the progress of about nine (107). However, sooner of writing about works he is familiar with, he should write about what he has learned from undertaking this ethical hobby.Robert Hughes Culture of Complaint the Fraying of American Hughes Robert EssaysRobert Hughes Culture of Complaint the Fraying of American Robert Hughes, a native Australian, spent twenty years in the United States and assumed many traits that are typical of Americans before publishing Culture of Complaint the Fraying of America. His evaluation finds that America is a country more focused on appearance than reality. Americans would rat her complain than change. Instead of analyzing the problem of American culture, Hughes attempts to present himself as an ideal critic, scholar, and journalist. He seems more concerned with reputation that academics. Like the work of Alexis de Tocqueville, which has remained the benchmark for the study of American culture since the 1830s, Hughes wants his theories to become widely read and universally accepted. Some of Culture of Complaint is interesting and insightful, however, Hughes comes off as the typical American that he chastises in his writing arrogant, inconsiderate of others, and above all, full of complaints. Hughes overemphasizes Americas infatuation with political correctness, but fails to understand the real issue. It is undeniably true that no sifting of words is going to reduce the amount of bigotry in this or any other society (21). However, racist labels are prevalent in American society which remind minority groups of their inferior status. The professional foot ball team in our nations capital is called the Redskins. This moniker is the result of a politically incorrect past that has not been rectified. Political correctness intends to change the way we label things so that minority groups are not excluded or demeaned. Certainly Hughes would object to calling a rugby team in Australia the Sydney Blackies. Hughes was right in understanding that political correctness will not cause dramatic changes, but racism in any form, no matter how small, is bad for society. Regardless, he spends too much time discussing this issue. Political correctness warranted more attention for Hughes than it does in the national media today. It is quite telling that only five years after its publication this material is already outdated. Throughout Hughes text the reader is bombarded with the tedious, albeit extensive, litany of his readings. He has read a lot of books in the last forty-five years, since (he) became a conscious and addicted reader at the age of about nine (107). However, instead of writing about works he is familiar with, he should write about what he has learned from undertaking this honorable hobby.

The House of Bernarda Alba Essay -- Drama

The House of Bernarda AlbaThe National theatreChoose one production that you have seen and which you particularlyenjoyed and talk about the aspects which made it so successful?The House of Bernarda Alba is a tragedy by Lorca which was stria inSpain in the early 1930s during the Spanish civil warfare and is aboutfive daughters whose lifes resolve around their mother Bernarda Alba.The girls are repressed by there mother which could be why he wrotethis play, to express his feelings and show through the characters howhe felt during life as he was repressed for being gay better never tolay eyeball on a man, never to have seen one.I enjoyed The House of Bernarda Alba as many aspects of the playwere successful.There was a large, complicated real(a)istic sterilize like Stanislavski woulduse with period costumes and props which allowed the audience to seeit visually which helped believability in the play as it contributedto the realistic acting. It helped you feel like you were in Spain , asa hot climate was suggested through the set it was exotic, light andSpanish looking. The props gave a sense of the period the play was setfor interpreter the radio, the bell, the wash basin and the sewingmachines were all authentic.The set was in Bernarda Albas house which was a grand mansion with agilt, lofty ceiling. I call back the towering interior clearly representedthe distorted mind of Bernarda Alba. The house was a very open, freeplace for the girls to roam around in. It had a tribunal in thecentre, light green walls making it seem larger and many plants,showing the outside was brought inside. I felt this was a success asthe set showed how Bernarda Alba didnt want the girls to leave thehouse as there were closed shutters down to the floor this showed thegirls were isolated from the outside world. The set designer hasevidently striven to bring into being a physical space which representedpsychological uneaseThere were four stone pillars which I feel could have represe nted fourof the daughters and the decision daughter was represented by the drainshaped as a cross on the courtyard, which showed she died. I also feltthat the pillars were successful as they might signify the house islike a prison for the girls, and they are the bars. There were twostained glass windows one which was broken which gave a sense that formerly the... ... came across ascontrolling by her strict tone of voice. It was successful the counselthe director showed the girls as fearful of the mother. Every timesomeone would saunter in the room they would jump as they thought itwas their mother and if their mother did come in they would sit downimmediately and sit in dummy up sewing. If their mother asked them aquestion you would hear a fearful tremble in their voice as theyreplied showing they lived in fear of their mother. Another way inwhich the actors of the girls were effective is the way they reactedto men. The only men the girls would ever see apart from their father ,was the man who delivers the fabric. So in the play when Pepe came tothe door all the girls would get hold excited and start jumpy aroundscreaming as they ran out the door.I feel this play was generally a very successful make-up of realisticdrama because of the set, costumes, lighting and the acting. It had adetailed set and several strong actors which helped bring the play tolife as well as real rain at the end to create a dramatic effect. Longsilences were used in the play to produce tension and it used comedyand tragedy to engage the audience.