History of Television Essay Example for Free

History of Television EssayTelevision BroadcastingMalaysian television broadcasting was introduced on 28 December 1963. Color television was introduced on 28 December 1978. Full-time color transmissions of grand launched until officially inaugurated on New Years solar day 1982. There are currently 8 national free-to-air terrestrial television stations in Malaysia and 2 national pay subscription television stations in Malaysia.Out of eight television channels, four of them are available in Sabah and Sarawak, and the other four are available only in Peninsular Malaysia.Transmissions in Malaysia were black-and-white until 28 December 1978. First stereo audio broadcasting was introduced in 1985 by TV3. Five out of eight channels does not affirm 24-hour schedule. 24-hour television was introduced in Malaysia between 13 to 16 May 1989 on TV1. The first 24-hour broadcasting in Malaysia was introduced in 2007 by TV2.Local ProgrammingRTM had local programmings in each state until 1984, and those local stations had been replaced by relay of RTM1. RTM1 had 1 hour of local programming between 1984 to 1992. Today, RTM broadcasts the same version nationwide except in Sarawak and Sabah, which still have some local programmings. RTM have plans to re-introduce the local channels after digital switchover.The local channels had the foretell RTM and state name, for example RTM Pinang for Penang. Each channel had its own schedule and broadcasting hours, and some programs relay from RTM1 and RTM2 (usually news programs and government programs). Between 1984 to 1992, the local programmings was around 500pm on RTM1. For the new local channels, the broadcasting hours are currently unknown. Today, RTM still broadcasting radio in local, but television in national.

Understanding Customer Relationships Essay Example for Free

Understanding Customer Relationships EssayI further confirm that I have not sh atomic number 18d my bailiwick with other candidates. Table of Contents Cover page1 Table of Contents2 Task 1 Keeping stakeholders informed 3 6 Task 2 Collecting stakeholder training 7 9 Task 3 CSR Gaining an Internal Perspective 10 12 Task 4 REPORT ToMarketing Manager FromMarketing Assistant examine25th November, 2011 SubjectKeeping stakeholders informed INTRODUCTION Communication is defined as the process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior (www. erriamwebster. com/dictionary). It is a two-way process and plays a central role for effective relationships at bottom an organization (CIM Introductory present in Marketing Study Workbook, pg 135). For communion to be effective, the receiver must show the message in the manner the sender intended for it to be received. As with majority of organizations, stakeholders argon an integral part of any organization and must be fountainhead informed of necessary decisions and activities of the said organization.With reference to the recent engender downfallage crisis, it is important that BP communicates to the following stakeholder groups a. FOUR STAKEHOLDER GROUPS THAT BP NEEDED TO COMMUNICATE WITH AND THEIR SCOPE OF INTEREST ARE Governments and regulators Government alongside the regulatory agencies established by the governance to dominate the industry, atomic number 18 responsible for formulating policies which govern offshore drilling processes and alike checker that the interest of the public is protected from the activities of the oil companies.Both bodies sine qua non to be informed of the liberation to allow for supervise of the situation and deployment of resources and assessment teams to establish shoreline protection and clean up priorities. (http//www. env. gov. bc. ca/eemp/resources/strategies/oilstrat. htm) The information would fu rther assist the political relation investigate the cause of the blab outage in order to take necessary legal actions and also help with legislation of regulatory laws which governs oil exploration by the oil companies. . Stakeholders and analysts The stakeholders include shareholders and investors who have financial interests and commitments in BP. They should be informed of the spill and every progress made by BP, so that they are unploughed abreast of the financial implications and expenditure that would arise from the spillage, cleanup process and compensation embody which exponent result in a loss in taxation for BP and ultimately their financial interests. c.Local communities Local communities are usually members of the lodge within which an oil projection is situated and in this case, the community where the oil spill has occurred. They would also include the local media, medical organizations, nongovernmental organizations active within the area, local security force s etc. Organizations must establish themselves as reputable members of a community. (www. ou. edu/deptcomm/ publications review. htm) By establishing a reservoir of state of grace in the community it is often easier to gain community support during a crisis (Sellnow, 1993).As such, affected residents of the local community around where the spillage occurred should be communicated to and assessed for physical and behavioral health effects the spillage might cause especially if the residents depend on oil, fishing or other affected industries in the locality of the spill. BP should also inform the local communities on steps it has taken or would take to combat the effect of the spillage on the environment and contingent compensations to the communities. d.Customers These vary from domestic fuel users to agricultural and aviation users of bulk LPG. All BP customers should be contacted and informed of the spillage as this might affect the supply of various products as supplied by BP. The multiplier effect of shortage of products by BP would not only mean a loss in revenue for the customer whose livelihood depend s on sale of products but also on the end user as might be in the case of retail fuel consumer and inadvertently more loss to BP. 2. ADAPTATION OF MESSAGES TO MEET THE NEEDS OF EACH OF THE STAKEHOLDER GROUPFor a discourse to be effective, the message passed must be well understood by the party for whom the message is intended (decoder) for and must be able to communicate back to the sender. BP must ensure that it communicates information ab fall out the spillage to the above mentioned stakeholders in respect to their functions and adaptabilities. o For the government, a series of meetings should be arranged where discussions regarding assessments, clean up roles and monitoring policies are discussed and reported back to the government the progress of the situation. Stakeholders are to be informed via mails or financial reports the cost analysis of the clean up exercise as well as financial implications of the spill incurred by the company. o BP should want to invite non-governmental organizations who focus on environmental policies and issues to assist with implementation of programs knowing to help residents within affected communities. o Customers can be r to each oneed more effectively and interpersonally through in depth interviews, viral online communications, web based interactional programs and feedback channels on BPs website. . TWO COMMUNICATION TOOLS THAT COULD BE USED TO ENHANCED THE MESSAGE The purpose of communication is to get a message across clearly using methods or tools that would effectively target the intended receiver. These tools could either be verbal or non-verbal tools of communication. To communicate its intent, BP must use the following communication tools to enhance the credibility of its message- ? PR Public Relations is defined as a planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwil l and mutual understanding between an organization and its publics (IPR).In enhancing the credibility of its message, BP would use PR to not only ensure that its intended target receives its message, but would also help reshape and boost the consumer perception of the BP image in light of the spill crisis thereby, warding off unfavorable rumors. ? Direct Marketing This is the most targeted method of communication as it seeks to target individual customers with personalized messages and build relationships with them as they respond to direct communications (UCR online syllabus session 7, pg 8).Direct marketing is defined as the planned recording, analysis and tracking of customer behavior to develop relational marketing strategies (Institute of Direct Marketing, UK) Using direct marketing, a well thought out and planned message is made available by BP to target each stakeholder group and solicit positive responses from each group to help manage the spill crisis. 4. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNICATION TOOLS OUTLINED ABOVE Direct Marketing One of the realizes of direct marketing is that it allows for direct interaction with the consumers and hence immediate responses are obtained from the consumers.This in turns also ensures that BPs personalized messages are well targeted and monitored such that the aim of public relations in helping to enhance consumer perception of BPs image is also attained. BRIEFING PAPER FromMarketing Assistant ToMarketing Manager Date17. 12. 2011 SubjectCollecting Stakeholder information Information is defined as the entropy formatted or structured to support decision making or define the relationship between two facts (Zikmund/Babin Essentials of marketing research 3rd edition). It is a marketing asset which impacts on performance of an organization (CIM Study Workbook, pg 108) 2. INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED BY BP IN RELATION TO ITS STAKEHOLDERS o Local Communities BP would seek to collect information about the local com munities which would include population count, availability of amenities such as hospitals, roads, schools, water, electricity, income levels, gender, age etc. It would also seek to commit the general occupation of residents in the community (e. g if farming or fishing is the main stay of the residents and the effects of the spill) and income/lifestyle of residents. It would also seek to understand the culture and ethnicity of the people so as not to strain relationship with its communities.BP should also seek to collect information about its communities to help assess the genial and environmental impacts of its project within such communities. o Government and regulators As these two bodies promulgate policies which govern the exploration of oil wells, CSR and offshore activities, it is important that BP is up to date with its information on all offshore and environmental laws so as to protect itself from abjurations. It would also collect information to understand its tax liabi lities and entrepreneurial activities in collaboration with both bodies. . 2USEFULNESS OF INFORMATION COLLECTED TO BP For Budgetary control- Greater control and more informed decision making are possible when all be of all operations are available For Planning Information helps BP make adequate plans for its operations within its communities, or act in accordance to governing policies and also inform actions to address/prevent health effects in affected communities during a spill crisis For decision making adequate to(predicate) data collected would be use for making strategic decisions for its sector and management plans. . 3USEFUL INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED BY SCREENPLAY MARKETING MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS LTD. To ensure our relevance and maintain our market share over the next six months, we must seek to collect the following information about our varying clients in order to effectively meet their needs and surpass their expectations ? Clients activities we must seek to colle ct information about each clients various activities within the next 6 months and plan media campaigns around those activities to meet intended consumers. Customer attitudes We would need to interview and collect information on target segments of consumers to assess how well they match our ideas and fit into clients marketing plan ? Competitors activities Over the next 6 months, we would need to identify who our competitors are through secondary research and collect information about their activities in order to help us plan our strategies ? Markets it is important that we carve our niche market and gather necessary information on them.We would need information as to who are clients are, their products, existing/potential market for the product all necessary for us to have an idea on how best to state of affairs our clients product for an increase in market share. 2. 4ONE METHOD OF COLLECTING INFORMATION In order to collect the necessary information, I would inspire the Secondar y method of data collection. Secondary data is data that has not been specifically created for the purpose at hand but can be used and analysed to provide marketing information where primary data is not yet available or not sufficient(CIM Study Workbook, pg 110).This is a preferred choice of data collection because it o Helps to make primary data collection more specific since with the help of secondary data, we are able to make out what are the gaps and deficiencies and what additional information needs to be collected. o Is less expensive and economical to conduct seeing that the information is readily available and does not desire the process of collecting new data o Saves time o It provides a basis for comparison for the data that is collected by the researcher (www. managementguide. com) password PAPER Prepared for Marketing Manager Prepared by Marketing AssistantSubjectCSR An Internal perspective Date 17. 12. 2011 INTRODUCTION Corporate kind Responsibility (CSR) is about how businesses align their values and behaviour with the expectations and needs of stakeholders not just customers and investors, but also employees, suppliers, communities, regulators, special interest groups and society as a whole. CSR describes a companys commitment to be accountable to its stakeholders. CSR demands that businesses manage the economic, social and environmental impacts of their operations to maximise the benefits and minimise the downsides (www. srnetwork. com) 3. 1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT The purpose of this project is to seek to form a committee to propose and identify a CSR activity for ScreenPlay Marketing and Media Communications Ltd to embark on as its efforts in heavy(p) back to the society in which its business operates and increase our awareness of environmental consciousness. 3. 2BENEFITS OF CSR TO THE ORGANISATION Consumers increasingly do not accept unethical business practices or organizations who act irresponsibly (www. simplycsr. co. uk).The benefi ts of Corporate Social Responsibility cannot be overemphasized and a carefully planned CSR would help our organization to Develop and enhance relationships with customers and society thereby retaining customers whilst attracting new ones Enhance brand image so customers perception about the brand is positive Attract, retain and motivate employees A key potential benefit fromCSRinitiatives involves establishing the conditions that can contribute to increasing the commitment and motivation of employees to become more innovative and productive. www. ic. gc. ca/site/csr-rse. nsf/eng/h_rs00100html) Sharpen decision making and help edit out risk 3. 3. IMPORTANCE OF INTERNAL COOPERATION AND PARTICIPATION It is important that a good working relationship exists between all departments of our organization on this project so as to ensure completion of tasks and fulfillment of our set objectives. It is envisaged that with team work and contribution of ideas from all each department invol ved in this project would weaken productivity and also ensure the success of our CSR project. 3. IDEA ON IMPROVING OUR ORGANISTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY One idea I would like to intimate to increasing our environmental responsibility is the adoption of a baby bird from the eye department of the childrens ward at the Lagos State Teaching Hospital. There are at present about 300 cases of children with cancer of the eye been treated at the hospital. It is my proposition that we render our CSR to the kids in this ward by sponsoring a child every quarter to the Suraksha Childrens Hospital India a top hospital in India noted for interference of eye tumors in children.The relative low costs of surgery and living expenditure has influenced the choice of Suraksha Childrens Hospital and the intervals at which each child would undergo a treatment would not be bungling for the organization to bear. We would work in conjunction with a team of doctors at the Lagos State Teaching Hos pital to assist in compiling names of beneficiaries of the treatment through a series of preliminary requirements for each beneficiary. This would include age, severity of case, and income level of heightens as this would be aimed at children whose parents cannot afford the treatment cost in the state.This project would be tagged The ScreenPlay Media Communications Light a world project. 3. 5COST IMPLICATION FOR PROPOSED CSR PROJECT The cost for this project is outlined below Hospital fees This would cover cost for accommodation in the hospital for the number of days from the date of admittance to the discharge date and would also cover administrative and drug fees. operating theatre fees includes surgery fees, anesthetic fees, blood transfusion (if necessary) and surgeons fee. Accommodation fees this take care of accommodation and feeding costs for the accompanying ward/parent of the child Travel/logistics fees covers flight fares for child and accompanying ward along wi th visa application fees. It would also cover for transportation for the beneficiaries upon arrival in India. This cost is estimated at a total of N750, 000 (? 3,000) per quarter and totaling N2, 250,000 (? 9,000) per annum for 3 kids. RESEARCH Prepared forMarketing Manager Prepared byMarketing Assistant SubjectMaintaining the work/life balance Date30. 11. 2011 EMAILToemailprotected com (marketing manager) Cc emailprotected com, emailprotected com, emailprotected com Subject Committee set up on Proposed CSR Project Dear Elliot, Trust you are fine. As per your memo dated 16th November 2011on setting up a committee for the proposed CSR activity, kindly see below the list of intended participants from the various departments- a. Ore Odusanya (HR department) Having worked with Ore in the past(a) few years, his analytical and interpersonal skills in relating with people would be very useful in this project . Trish Banner (Accounts department) Trishs skill in use financial transactions as well as contacts within the travel agency would suffice in this project and assisting with obtaining relatively low fare prices for each beneficiary. c. Gladys Knight (Creative department) her artistic talents would help create the right messages for advertisement purposes which would position the brand as foremost in connecting with its society. Her wits and acute sense of perspicacity would also aid in ensuring that the right candidates are chosen for the project. . Ken Rice (logistics department) an ardent and hardworking colleague, though in the HR department but with an ability to drive and ensure prompt delivery of projects would ensure that logistics such as visas, hotel booking and transportation of each beneficiary is handled promptly at designated timelines. I would also like to suggest that the committee is convened soon so as to enable us conclude the plans within the shortest time frame possible and negotiate with the team of doctors in Nigeria and India for the commencement of the project.It would also afford us time to put together a media campaign to boost publicity. Best regards Lolah Adebambo Project attraction REFERENCES Book Sources Vincent. K CIM Introductory Certificate in Marketing Study Workbook, 2009/2011 (BPP Learning Media, London) Internet sources www. ic. gc. ca/site/csr-rse. nsf/eng/h_rs00100html (accessed in December 2011) (www. merriamwebster. com/dictionary). (accessed in November 2011) (www. csrnetwork. com) (accessed in December 2011) pic

Virtue and Character Essay Example for Free

Virtue and Character Essay1. a distinctive trait2. look typical of a person or group3. moral strength4. reputation.Character is an evaluation of a particular individuals moral qualities. It can also incriminate a variety of attributes including the existence of lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty and loyalty, or of good behaviors or habits. When someone is a moral character, it is primarily referring to the hookup of qualities that distinguish one individual from another. Character is who we really be. Its what we do when no one is looking. It s the accumulation of thoughts, values, words and actions. These become the habits that comprise our character. That character determines our destiny. sixsome pillars of characterA person of character thinks right and does right according to core universal values that define the qualities of a good person They argon TrustworthinessRespectresponsibilityfairnesscaringcitizenshipThe CHARACTER COUNTS Coalition ca lls these the Six Pillars of Character. Whatever we call them, though, our role as character developers is to guide spring chicken peoples thoughts, words, actions and habits toward these values, which all people share, regardless of other differences. Primary character building forceThe family is the primary character-building force in a childs life, and character education is a major family obligation. Its a parents job to help our kids engage the world with as much trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship as possible. This challenge becomes more manageable by fetching a simple approach and involving the full community in sending a common message about the standards of good character.Humility and character are the two important steps of true education. If we have our childrens best interests at heart as parents and teachers, we will make the development of their character a senior high school priority. Good character consists of knowing the good , desiring the good, and doing the goodhabits of the mind, habits of the heart, and habits of action. All three are necessary for leading a moral life all three make up moral maturity. It also helps to identify other major character influences in anyones life people we admire people who spend time with us reactions we fall out goals expectations games friends life experiences stories we hear books we read words we hear music we hear TV shows and moviesHow character is related to lifeHeraclitus said that A mans character is his fate.There are certain personal traits that can lead to a good life. Psychology guru Martin Seligman says that these character qualities foster good physical and intellectual health and so improve our quality of living over all. Instilling them early will set a person up for life. The good intelligence information is that we can all learn and develop these qualities and a good life is available to every one of us, and at any age.

Expansionary Economic Policy Essay Example for Free

Expansionary Economic Policy EssayIn economic terms, a recession is defined as a general slowdown in economic activity. In an effort to move the economy out of a recession, the authorities would implement expansionary economic policies. One action the organization would take would include conducting expansionary pecuniary polity. The other action taken would be conducting expansionary financial form _or_ system of political sympathies. Both of these actions would have an effect on such things as property supply, interest rates, spending, aggregate beg, GDP, and employment.Expansionary financial constitution consists of change in government expenditures, or evaluatees, in order in influence the level of economic activity, inflation, and economic growth (Amacher Pate, 2012). Expansionary fiscal policy is when taxes are cut and government spending is increased. Lower taxes go out increase disposable income. The increase in disposable income will lead to higher levels of consumer spending. In theory the more money that consumers spend, the higher the chance for economic growth. Tax cuts will also lead to an increase in aggregate rent. Aggregate demand is the essence demand for goods and services is the economy.As stated earlier, a tax cut will increase peoples disposable income therefore increase the amount of money available for consumption. The increase in consumption would increase the demand for goods and services. This in turn increases GDP (gross domestic product). GDP is the value of the total output that the economy produces in a given time period (Amacher Pate, 2012). The higher the demand that there is for goods and services, the need for employees to produces these goods and services are needed. This increases employment. Lower tax cuts will also increase peoples incentive to work.With lower taxes comes more money to spend from their paychecks. There are arguments, from economists and politicians, regarding the effect tax cuts in f iscal policy will have on the economy. nigh economists argue that the effect of future tax cuts will lead consumers to change their saving (David, 2008). Some economists feel that people will save the value of the tax cut that they receive today in order to pay those future taxes (David, 2008). Some politicians feel that tax cuts will have no effect because changes in private saving will offset changes in government saving.Tax cuts allow the government to increase spending on special programs and health care. The increased revenue allows a government to borrow less money or lower government debt. This will result in lower interest rates which are beneficial to everyone involved. What is important to look at though is what the increased spending by the government is going towards. Those against increased government spending say that the government spends foolishly. In order to own the economy, the increased government spending needs to go towards those things that are beneficial t o its citizens.An example of this would be if the unemployment rate is high and the government spends on hiring workers to fix the roads, this would help to decrease the high unemployment rate. According to a international poll taken in 2009, an average of three in five citizens (60%) supports the increased spending by the government to help stimulate the economy (Global pollard Shows Support for Increased Government Spending and Regulation, 2009). Strongest support is for investments such as renewable energy, green technology, and giving financial support for troubled industries and companies.Expansionary monetary policy is when a central bank, for example the plyeral officialeral Reserve Bank (the Fed), uses its jibes to stimulate the economy. Often times this means lowering the Fed funds rate in order to increase the money supply. What this does is it increases liquidity which gives the banks more money to lend. The result of this would be lower interest rates. The Feds use t hree tools when conducting monetary policy open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements (How the Fed Guides Monetary Policy, 2011).The most common tool utilise is the open market operations tool. This is used to buy or care government bonds on the open market. It is used to manipulate the gip term interest rate and the supply of base money in an economy. The discount rate is the interest rate a Reserve Bank charges eligible financial institutions to borrow funds on a short term basis (How the Fed Guides Monetary Policy, 2011). A higher discount rate can indicate a more restrictive policy, while a lower rate can be used to signal a more expansive policy (How the Fed Guides Monetary Policy, 2011).All financial institutions, whether or not they are members of the Federal Reserve System, must set aside a percentage of their deposits as reserves to be held either as coin or as reserve account balances. The Federal Reserve sets these requirements for all commerc ial banks, savings banks, savings and loans, credit unions, and U. S. branches and agencies of foreign banks (How the Fed Guides Monetary Policy, 2011). This tool is the least common used of the three. There are two kinds of assets that banks can count toward meeting the required reserve.The first is valued cash such as currency and coins. The second, and largest, consists of funds the bank has on deposit with its direct Reserve Bank (Amacher Pate, 2012). A change in the reserve ratio is rarely make and when a change is made it usually is in small amounts. A reduction in the ratio usually has a double impact on the money supply. First, it converts some required reserves into excess reserves. Second, it increases the size of the deposit multiplier (Amacher Pate, 2012). An increase in the reserve ratio works in the turnabout way.The interest rate the Fed charges a bank is the discount rate (Amacher Pate, 2012). The higher the rate, the less likely banks are to borrow. The discount rate acts more as a function than a tool in monetary policy. An increase in the discount rate indicates to banks that the Fed wants cool down the economy by reducing bank lending. An increase indicates the Feds desire to stimulate the economy. The Fed most likely would increase the discount rate when conducting monetary policy because by doing so, it would keep banks from using this source before turning to other less expensive alternatives.Whether or not the Fed wants to buy or sell government securities depends on this whether or not they want the funds rate to wind or fall. If the fed wants the funds rate to fall, it will buy government securities from a bank. What happens is that the Fed then pays for securities by increasing the banks reserves (frbsf. org, 2011). The banks will then have more reserves than it wants. Then the Fed can lend these unwanted reserves to another bank. If the Fed wants the funds rate to rise, then the opposite will happen. It will sell the government securities.The fed receives payment in reserves from the banks, which will lower the supply of reserves in the banking system (frbsf. org, 2011). To tighten money and credit in the economy, the Federal splay market Committee (FOMC), directs the New York trading desk to sell government securities, collecting payments from banks by reducing their reserve accounts. With less money in these reserve accounts, banks will have less money to lend, interest rates will increase and consumer spending will decrease. This will have a negative effect on the economy. Some may argue that there can be too much expansionary monetary policy.If the Fed stimulates the economy too much, that could trigger inflation. Inflation is when prices rise above the 2 inflation target that the Fed has set. What happens is that consumers will start buying immediately in order to avoid higher prices in the future. This raises the demand which will cause businesses to have to hire more workers to produce the product . The additional income will allow consumers to spend more which in turn will stimulate more demand. This will cause businesses to start raising prices because they be intimate that they will not be able to produce enough.They will also raise prices because they know that their costs will rise as well. This is what will cause an increase in inflation. During a recession, the government will implement expansionary economic policies. One sheath of policy conducted is fiscal policy. This policy consists of changes in taxes and government spending in order to stimulate the economy. The other is monetary policy, which is when a central bank, such as the Fed, uses tools to stimulate the economy. Both of these policies have been and will be used in the future to stabilize the economy.

The Effects of the Cold War in Asia Essay Example for Free

The Effects of the Cold War in Asia EssayThe cold war was the name given to the economic, political, military and ideological argument that took place between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and their allies after(prenominal) World War II. The two powers never directly engaged in military action because both had nuclear weapons that if used, would have had devastating consequences for both sides. Alternatively, proxy wars were fought. A proxy war results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting one a nonher and is typically initiated by a power that does not itself participate. The Korean and Vietnam wars atomic number 18 two examples of proxy wars because the U. S. and the Soviet Union did not engage each other however, Soviet attempts to spread and unify both Korea and Vietnam below communist feel prompted intervention either by the United States and/or by their allies. Another example of communist expansionism is the Malaya n emergency that lasted from 1948-1960 which resulted in a guerrilla insurgency committed to an independent communist Malaya. These three events were just a few effects of the cold war in Asia.This essay will discuss each event individually and in more event and attempt to convince readers that the Korean and Vietnam wars and the Malayan emergency were the direct results of Soviet attempts to expand communist rule in Asia and the United States and their allies policy of preventing and driveing such moves. The Korean War The Japanese occupation of Korea ended after 35 years when they surrendered to both Soviet and American forces in 1945. The project for the future of Korea was to tolerate free and fair elections and establish a democratic Korean government.In the meantime, the Soviets and the Americans agreed to occupy the country as a trusteeship. Korea was then divided at the 38th parallel- the U. S. occupied the atomic number 16 and the Soviets occupied the northmost. In 1948, two separate governments were established the Democratic bulks Republic under communist rule in the conjugation, and the Republic of Korea in the south. Sunday June 25th 1950, North Korea began its attack on South Korea (with the support of the Soviet Union) starting with a 90-minute artillery stamp battery and then a full onslaught of North Korean tanks and infantry across the 38th parallel into South Korea.The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion and insisted the North stop their advance and retreat. When it was evident that the North was not complying with this demand, death chair Truman, on June 27th authorized the United States Navy and Air Force to support South Korea. The U. N. gave the United States the authority to choose the supreme commander who would lead the allied mission. President Truman chose General Douglas MacArthur who was experienced and considered an American war hero. On June 28th, three long time after the invasion Seoul, the South Kore an capital was taken over by the North Korean forces.On June 30th, President Truman commissioned the use of American phalanx in South Korea. Ultimately, 16 member nations would contri scarcelye forces to the mission of repelling the North Koreans. During the first weeks of the war, the communist North took Seoul and continued their invasion Southward with little difficulty. The South Korean troops and U. N. forces were pushed back to Busan an area located at the southeastern most tip of Korea. On September fifteenth 1950, MacArthur launched a daring but necessary allied counteroffensive involving about 70,000 troops at Inchon.This purpose of this landing was twofold first, catch the North Koreans off observe and second, disrupt both communications and supply lines. Now at a disadvantage upon success of MacArthurs counteroffensive, the North Koreans began to retreat. This allowed the cornered South Korean army and U. N. forces at Busan to march north and meet up with the other U . N. forces. By early October 1950, all U. N. forces were together at the 38th parallel. Although it appeared that the Korean mission was a success, the war was far from over.Approved by both the U. N. nd the Joint Chiefs of Staff, South Korean troops and U. N. forces crossed the 38th parallel into North Korea. The Peoples Republic of chinaware warned U. N. troops that if they crossed the 38th parallel, they would enter the war. MacArthur however, reassures President Truman who is apprehensive over the news that they would not enter the war. However, on November twenty-third 1950, about 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the Yalu River and attacked U. N. forces prompting a bold retreat and an immediate withdraw of troops.By December 24th 1950, the navy evacuated roughly 100,000 U.N. and South Korean troops and roughly as many refugees. General Matthew B. Ridgeway replaced General Walton Walker who died at the end of December 1950. His deployment began Christmas day and he commenced th e construct of the Eighth Army. Seoul, which had been recaptured by U. N. forces in October, was abandoned in early January 1951. Nevertheless, by March 27th 1951, the Eighth Army took back Seoul and reached the 38th parallel. In November 1952, the United Nations changed their policy towards the war and approved a defensive strategy.However, the war entered a deadlock both politically and militarily. In January 1953, Dwight Eisenhower succeeded Harry Truman as President of the United States. Determined to resolve the deadlock and end the Korean War, he threatened to use nuclear weapons against China if they did not agree to a undisturbed solution. Finally, after three years of conflict, an armistice was signed on July 27th 1953. Casualties were high for all parties involved an estimated 33,741 Americans killed in action and 103,284 wounded. South Korean numbers are much higher 59,000 killed in action and 291,000 wounded. U. N. orces that include Australia, United Kingdom, Canad a and New Zealand lost 1,263 and 4,817 wounded.Remaining U. N. forces including Belgium, Columbia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Turkey suffered 1,800 killed in action and 7,000 wounded. North Korean and Chinese casualties are not clear, but estimates are 500,000 killed and 1,000,000 wounded. With the support of both the Soviet Union and China, North Korea invaded South Korea for the purpose of overthrowing the government, taking look into of the South and unifying the entire peninsula under communist rule.However, this strategy failed because the international community responded. Unfortunately, the war did not settle the dispute of unification and effects of this are still felt today in both North and South Korea. Although it is difficult to determine the winner, if any, of this war, it is clear that the response of both the United Nations and United States was to contain the spread of communism. Perhaps, the moreover party th at could claim victory is the Chinese. Chinese forces were successful in forcing allied troops out of North Korea and across the 38th parallel.China would now play a significant role in the future peace talks. The Vietnam War The French had formerly occupied Vietnam prior to 1940 when Japan invaded split of the country. Now, Vietnam had to foreign occupiers the French and the Japanese. In August 1945, Japan surrendered to allied forces. This gave Vietnamese nationalists led by Ho Chi Minh the opportunity to proclaim the independence of Vietnam. However, the French were determined to regain cook of the country. This led to a bloody war between the Vietnamese nationalists and the French in November 1945.The most troubling for the United States was that the Vietnamese nationalists, the Viet Minh, was a communist movement. Nevertheless, it was not until 1950, when the Soviet Union and China recognized the Viet Minh that confirmed American suspicions, revealing Ho Chi Minh, in secreta ry of kingdom Dean Achesons words, in his true colors as the mortal enemy of native independence in Indochina. A concern among US officials was that US interests were at stake if Vietnam became a communist country. Therefore, in 1950, the US provided monetary assistance to the French effort in Vietnam.Nevertheless, in 1954, France withdrew from Vietnam after a significant overtake at Dien Bien Phu. In July 1954, an agreement was reached at the Geneva conference that temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel. The Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh would control the North and forces such as the United States who concerned the French would control the south. The agreement as well as called for national elections to be held by July 1956 to reunite the country under one government. The United States however, disagreed and refused to accept the agreement worried the Communists would win and unite Vietnam under communism.If Vietnam became communist, it was believed among US officials that surrounding countries would also become communist this was known as the domino theory. Therefore, with the help of the United States, elections were carried out but only in South Vietnam. June 18, 1954 Ngo Dinh Diem was elected as the first president of South Vietnam sanction by the United States. However by 1960, many Vietnamese began feeling oppressed by Diems leadership and organized the National Liberation Front (NFL) also known as the Viet Cong that would fight against both the South Vietnamese government and United States forces.When Lyndon Johnson became president in November 1963 following John F. Kennedys assassination, he began sending supporter to the newly formed government. On August 2, 1964, two US warships were attacked by North Vietnamese gunboats in international waters known as the disconnect of Tonkin incident. In response, Johnson asked Congress for the authority to do whatever it took to withstand any further attacks from the North Vietnamese against US forces. Congress approved Johnsons request with the disconnect of Tonkin resolution.Only after Johnson was re-elected as president in November 1964 did he intensify the war in Vietnam. In early 1965 Johnson ordered the bombing of North Vietnam and in March 1965 ordered large numbers of US military troops to South Vietnam. Johnsons intention was not to achieve victory but for the US forces to settle South Vietnams defenses until they were able to assume responsibility. By the pass of 1965, 90,000 US troops were in Vietnam. Nevertheless, General Westmoreland, the US commander in Vietnam would ask Johnson for another 150,000 troops. secretarial assistant of Defense Robert McNamara recommended sending 100,000 additional US troops to Vietnam. Johnson would approve McNamaras recommendation. Despite the US military buildup, the Viet Cong were well supplied and dedicated fighters. They were also more long-familiar with the jungles of Vietnam than the US was this gave the Viet Cong a hu ge advantage. They attacked in ambushes, set up booby-traps and moved around underground tunnels. General Westmoreland would again request more US troops that Johnson approved. Between 1966 and 1967, US forces serving in Vietnam rose drastically from 190,000 to 535,000.On January 30, 1968, the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong orchestrated a surprise attack on South Vietnamese cities and towns known as the Tet offensive. It is estimated that 67,000 Viet Cong took part in the offensive. An estimated 40,000 were killed. The US was able to regain the cities and towns lost in the offensive. Although this was a US victory, it proved to the president and the American people that the enemy was better equipped and more powerful than previously believed. After the Tet Offensive and growing disapproval of the war at home, Johnson decided not to escalate the war any further.In January 1969, Richard Nixon became president of the United States. Nixon was favorable among the American people for his promises to de-escalate and end the Vietnam War. US troop withdrawals began in the summer of 1969. However, it was not until January 27, 1973 that a peace treaty was finally reached. Nixon suspended all military operations in Vietnam and the remaining US troops left in March 1973. Fighting however would continue between the North Vietnamese and the South Vietnamese until April 30, 1975 when South Vietnam surrendered to the North.On July 2, 1976, Vietnam was reunified under a communist government. Vietnam was a war the US felt compelled to fight. The US thought if Vietnam was overthrown and became communist that it would be only a matter of time until surrounding countries would fall victim to communism. However, after a ten-year commitment in Vietnam, the US was unable to achieve victory. Why? The US forces were fighting in unfamiliar jungles whereas the Viet Cong were well adapted. The Viet Cong were also well supplied by both China and the Soviet Union.The US could not halt the f low of supplies and replacement fighters without the possibility of bringing either China and/or the Soviet Union into the war. Viet Cong used ambushes and booby traps against unsuspecting US troops. Nuclear weapons were out of the question as that would have definitely led to prompt and severe retaliation from plausibly both China and the Soviet Union. Unpopularity at home in America along with anti-war and civil rights protests lastly led to the ending of US involvement in Vietnam.Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960On December 8, 1941, the Japanese invaded Malaya, which was under British rule at the time. Although British forces fought hard against the invaders, large numbers of Japanese troops eventually forced the British to retreat and surrender in early February 1942. The Japanese occupation of Malaya lasted from 1942 to 1945 when they surrendered to allied forces at the end of World War II. Malaya was now set about with restoring a civil government and initiating a new constitutio n. However, the Communist company of Malaya (CPM), led by Chin Peng opposed this idea.Between 1945 and 1948, the CPM had accumulated thousands of communist fighters that were apt in jungle warfare by the British to fight against the Japanese occupation. In June 1948, the 12-year unrest began when Communist Terrorists (CTs) killed three British rubber planters. The Communist Party of Malaya then departed to rural areas and organized the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA). They began a campaign of terror involving executing, mutilating and tormenting British and Native people aimed to panic attack the civilians. Britain repeatedly requested the assistance of the United States, but was turned down.Therefore, Britain stood alone against the threat in Malaya. In the fall of 1950, 50,000 British troops were sent to Malaya. The plan of action for dealing with the current crisis was defensive to protect all targets of economic importance. However, there were insufficient amount of so ldiers to properly deal with the countrys challenges, so more were transferred in from the Kings African Rifles, the Guards Brigade and the Royal Marines. The Director of Operations in Malaya, General Sir Harold Briggs, came up with a resolution known as the Briggs plan, which was to withdraw the insurgents from their supporters.Under the plan, 500,000 rural Malayans and 400,000 Chinese were forced to relocate into guarded camps known as New Villages. At first, people were angry about the new order however, with improved living conditions in the camps, monetary aid and given ownership of their property they changed their initial perspective to that of happiness and satisfaction. Sir Henry Gurney, the British High Commissioner was ambushed and kill by the MNLA in 1951. This was a turning point in the war because the assassination has been defined as the reason the Malayans renounced the MNLA campaign.Lieutenant-General Sir Gerald Templer succeeded Sir Henry Gurney. He was a exact ing and robust soldier. He called for instant actions to grant Chinese ethnic citizens the right to vote. He advanced the development of the Malayan Army. He also improved the news program network (Special Branch). The MNLA were allowed remission by the Malayan government in 1955 as a means of ending the emergency peacefully, but many rejected because the impairment were limited in nature. Chin Peng and Tunku Abdul Rahman, the father of Malayan independence entered into negotiations. The negotiations deteriorated when Tunku turned down Pengs requests.As a result, the aggression proceeded more intensely but by this time, it was apparent that the MNLAs goal of a communist Malaya proved unsuccessful. Malaya acquired independence in August 1957 but the emergency would not be conclusively over until 1960. By the end of the emergency, 6,710 insurgents had been killed with another 1,287 captured 2,702 insurgents surrendered and another 500 gave themselves up. Malayan security forces inc luding police suffered 1,345 casualties with another 519 commonwealth personnel lost civilian losses were 2,478 with 810 others missing.The emergency is estimated to have cost the British government between ? 520 million and ? 700 million. Malaya is the only successful battle of the entire Cold War. Why? The MNLA consisted of about only 8,000 insurgents. There was little outside support and British General Harold Briggs quickly implemented a resolution that isolated the insurgents from the general population. Britain gained the support of the population when they provided aid and other support. The British also wanted Malay to be an independent state whereas an MNLA overthrow would suggest a potential puppet state of the Soviet Union and/or China.

Motivation Letter Essay Example for Free

Motivation Letter EssayMotivation Letter Application For analyze In University capital of Minnesota Cezanne Aix Marseille To whom it may concern In addition to all my documents provided, I would like to take this great opportunity to write a motivation letter to clarify my main reason that drives me to study in University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille. After graduation from _____ University major in Industry transnational Trade, I acquired knowledge in an extensive business area, for example, accounting, finance, international trade, corporate management, law etc.I worked at Credit Control department at Accenture Consulting Company for around 2 years. My responsibility includes providing customer service to UK clients, collecting overdue debt, applying cash payments, making financial adjustments and analyzing credit status for customers. My interpersonal skills improve greatly and English skill was polished as well through daily contact with British customers. Currently I have b een worked as aid product manager at Golden Label 5 International Trade Company.My responsibilities are to overtake with the sales team, the distributors and the promotional girls in order to move them and to let them be more and more aware of our brands images to manage efficiently the existing marketing tools to enter in the development of new marketing tools and participate in the development of the promotions for the day market. I believe that my current working experience is the main reason that drives me to study in France. By choosing to study University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille there are a few advantages that I can achieve my goalMy current job is to assist my French boss (marketing director) to communicate with the sales team, the distributors and the promotional girls in order to motivate them and to let them be more and more aware of our brands images. Meanwhile boost and maintain our brand image. In order to cooperate better with my boss, I started to carry French since last June. Although we still discuss in English during daily life, my French language does help oneself me a lot when I explain some authentic French traditional wines and spirits knowledge to customers. I know more and more most French, French culture, French wine, etc.And I believe that what I will obtain in University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille give me a global visual sense of International corporate management and have a multi-culture background. France is a multicultural country, and University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille is a well-known multicultural university. I can learn how to interact within different cultures to improve my interpersonal skills. I also can build up a network that comprises friends from different countries and areas. France has good consanguinity with China. And now China is becoming certainly the biggest potential market for France.With my multi- culture background and French experience and skills, when I have completed study in France and retur ns China, I can participate into the development of business cooperation or any other relationship. In short, by choosing to study in University Paul Cezanne Aix Marseille, I will benefit greatly from the extraordinary experience for building up my professional career, and I will help to build China, my motherland, into a well-managed market parsimoniousness country. I am looking forward that my application can be assessed and approved at your earliest convenience Kind Regards Li

Friends Essay Example for Free

Friends EssayA friend is someone who is helpful and kind. A friend is someone who you hump and worry and who likes you too. A friend is not an enemy. I have many different friends. Friends at school, at church, at sports and even overseas. Friends argon special to me. Today, I want to share with you why friends such as all of you, are important to me. BodyFirstly, friends provide me with support and courage. They laugh with me when I am happy. They embolden me on when I am in a race. When I win, they celebrate with me. For example, last year, at the Athletics Carnival, we all supported each other in our races. Friends cheer me up when I am sad. They try to make me laugh by entertaining me or tickling me out of my sadness. When I am anguish or feel sick, they care for me.When I have a problem or when I am struggling, they help me out. For example, when I lost my school don last year, Hannah and Luke helped me look for it after school. I had searched for it everywhere and was ready to give up. But then, Luke spotted a hat which had been blown way out into the egg-shaped by the wind. He ran to pick it up and thankfully, it was my missing hat. I do not feel afraid or lonely at school because of my friends. I know they will stand up for me if I get bullied and they will stay by my side. Secondly, friends help me learn and try new things and ideas.Conclusion Friends are important to me. They support me, help me learn and most importantly, are honest with me and care for me. I think it is important that we treat our friends well, with respect and kindness, just like how they treat us. I am thankful for the many wonderful friends I have here at my Public School .